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| the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (such as their intensity) and our psychological experience of them |
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| Responsible for the creation of psychophysics |
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| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
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| Enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Selection and organization of sensations. |
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| analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information |
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| information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations |
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| The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50% of the time |
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Signal detection theory
Hit, miss, false positive |
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theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus "signal" amid background stimulation "noise." Assume there is no absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue.
Predicts when we will detect weak signals, measure as our ratio of A:B:C |
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| below one's threshold for conscious awareness |
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| the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response |
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| Difference threshold (JND) |
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| minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. Increases with the magnitude of the stimulus |
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| Irregardless of magnitude, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion |
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| Our diminishing sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (because nerve cells fire less frequently) |
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| Transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret |
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| distance from peak to peak. determines hue |
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| dimension of color that is determined by wavelength |
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| amount of energy in a light or sound wave |
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| adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters |
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| protects the eye and bends the light to provide focus |
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| ring of muscle tissue around the pupil that controls size. Each is unique, which is kind of cool |
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| Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
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| Changing of shape to focus near or far objects on the retina |
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| light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info |
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| distant objects focus in front of the retina |
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| near objects focus behind the retina |
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| Retinal receptor that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision |
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| retinal receptors located near the center of the retina that function in well-lit situations' detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations |
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| First addressees for neural signals |
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| activated by bipolar cells; second receivers for neural signals. Have axons that converge to form the optic nerve |
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| Carries neural impulses to the brain; millions of ganglion fibers and can send one million messages at once |
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| Where optic nerves cross to go to different hemispheres |
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| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) |
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| Part of the thalamus, where the optic nerve connects |
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| Point at which optic nerve leaves the eye. Has no receptor cells |
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| central focus point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster |
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| nerve cells in the brain that respond to certain features of the stimulus |
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| David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel |
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| Responsible for the discovery of feature detectors. For example, temporal lobe behind right ear allows you to perceive faces |
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| Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously. Neurons synchronize activity, create gamma rays |
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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| Three different color receptors (red green bloo) |
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| opposing retinal processes enable color vision |
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| Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if wavelength changes |
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| the sense or act of hearing |
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| Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time |
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| Tone's experienced highness or lowness |
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Unit measurement of sound's loudness. 10-dB increase= tenfold increase in sound
DON'T GO OVER 85 |
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| Contains hammer, anvil, stirrup; concentrates vibrations of eardrum on cochlea |
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| Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
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| The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs |
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| Part of the cochlea that hair cells are directly connected to |
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The pitch we hear connected with place where cochlear membrane is stimulated
High frequencies- beginning of membrane
Low- end of membrane |
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| rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch. |
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| Being able to detect where sounds come from through use of auditory system |
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| Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
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| sensorineural hearing loss |
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| damage to cochlear receptor cells or to the auditory nerves |
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| Converts sounds into electrical signals, stimulates auditory nerve |
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| The spinal cord creates a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. "Gate" opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in large fibers or by info coming from the brain. |
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| sensory receptors found in dermis or epidermis. Detect pressure, warmth, cold, pain |
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| One sense may influence another |
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| System for sensing position and movement of individual body parts |
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| Sense of body position and movement, including the sense of balance |
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