Term
| Sequence of processes working together to determine experience of / reaction to stimuli in environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulus in center of attention |
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Definition
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Term
| Network of light-sensitive receptors and other neurons lining back of eye |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ transform energy from environment into electrical system; this is called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Transformation of one form of energy into another; energy in environment --> electrical energy |
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Definition
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Term
| Image transformed into electrical signals in receptors, which activate other neurons --> other neurons --> out of eye and transmitted to brain |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Interactions between neurons (related to transmission and happen at same time) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Conscious sensory experience |
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Definition
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Term
| Ability to place object in category |
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Definition
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Term
| Inability to recognize objects |
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Definition
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Term
| Any information perceiver brings to situation; example |
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Definition
| Knowledge; rat-man demonstration |
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Term
| Processing based on incoming data, essential for perception because process begins with stimulation of receptors |
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Definition
| Bottom-up processing (working UP the system from external object reflected on receptors to perceptual experience) |
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Term
| Processing based on knowledge |
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Definition
| Top-down processing (knowledge-based) |
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Term
Put following in order:
Transmission, Recognition, Environmental Stimulus, Transduction, Stimulus on the Receptors, Perception, Attended Stimulus, Processing, Action |
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Definition
| Environmental Stimulus, Attended Stimulus, Stimulus on the Receptors, Transduction, Transmission, Processing, Perception, Recognition, Action |
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Term
| Gustav Fechner founded ___ approach to perception |
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Definition
| Psychophysical (use of quantitative methods to measure relationships between stimuli [physics] and perception [psycho]) |
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Term
| Any measurement of relationship between stimuli and perception (how different is color A from color B?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Study of how stimulus (pictures, mood) affects action and/or experience [of pain] |
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Definition
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Term
| Measuring relationship between stimuli and physiological processes (____) and between physiological processes and perception (_____); how usually measured? |
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Definition
| Physiological approach to perception; PH1, PH2; usually studied by measuring electrical responses in nervous system |
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Term
| Measuring how neuron responds to different colors |
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Definition
| PH1 (physiological approach) |
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Term
| Measuring relationship between brain activity and person's perception of colors |
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Definition
| PH2 (physiological approach) |
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Term
| Approach to perception most often involving fMRI or electrodes |
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Definition
| Physiological approach (PH1, PH2) |
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Term
| Factors like knowledge, memories, and expectations we bring to situation that can influence our perceptions |
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Definition
| Cognitive influences on perception |
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Term
| Three main ways of measuring perception |
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Definition
| Description (describe what we perceive), recognition (categorize and name stimulus), detection (Fechner; measure relationship between stimuli and perception) |
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Term
| Smallest amount of stimulus energy needed to detect stimulus; _ _ |
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Definition
| Absolute threshold; RL (reiz limen, like subLIMINal message) |
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Term
| Determine absolute threshold using three methods: |
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Definition
| Method of limits, method of adjustment, method of constant stimuli |
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Term
| Present stimuli in ascending/descending order of intensity and indicate responses as presented to observer |
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Definition
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Term
| In Method of Limits, change from yes to no (or vice versa) |
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Definition
| Crossover point / threshold |
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Term
| In Method of Limits, if observer said too many "yes"es they would have a ____ threshold |
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Definition
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Term
| Adjust stimulus intensity continuously until observer can just barely perceive/detect stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| How to measure threshold in Method of Adjustment |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Present 5-9 stimuli with different intensities in random order, repeated many times |
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Definition
| Method of Constant Stimuli |
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Term
| How to measure threshold of Method of Constant Stimuli |
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Definition
| Intensity resulting in detection on 50% of trials |
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Term
| Most accurate way to measure absolute threshold, but also the most time-consuming |
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Definition
| Method of Constant Stimuli |
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Term
| Potentially biased ways of measuring absolute threshold |
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Definition
| Method of Limits and Method of Adjustment |
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Term
| Smallest difference between two stimuli a person can detect; founder |
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Definition
| Difference threshold (DL); Ernst Weber; "just-noticeable difference" (jnd) |
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Term
| Actual amount that has to be added to one stimulus for subject to tell that there's a difference |
|
Definition
| DL (difference threshold) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ratio of DL to standard stimulus (S) is constant; DL/S = K (K = constant, Weber's fraction); DL = K*S |
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Term
| Weber fraction (K) remains about constant for particular sensory modality; more easily detect ____ than ____ |
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Definition
| More easily detect electric shocks and lifted weights than sound, light, or taste |
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Term
| Relate perceived magnitude and stimulus intensity (assign S a value and then assign number to each stimulus of different intensity proportional to S) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| As intensity increases, magnitude increases...but not as rapidly as intensity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| As intensity increases, perceived magnitude increases even more rapidly; example |
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Definition
| Response expansion; electric shocks |
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Term
| Intensity of stimulus and our perception of magnitude follow same equation for each sense |
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Definition
| Power functions; Stevens's Power Law: P = K*S^n where P = perceived intensity, K = constant, S = stimulus intensity, n = constant power |
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|
Term
| Taking log of both sides of Stevens's Power Law equation turns function into ____; slopes indicate ____; slopes > 1 indicate _____ |
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Definition
| Straight line; n (exponent of power function); n > 1 = response expansion (like electric shock) |
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|
Term
| Find one stimulus among many as quickly as possible |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Time between presentation of stimulus and observer's response to stimulus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Method to get rid of bias (like signal detection theory) |
|
Definition
| Two-interval forced-choice tracking |
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Term
| Aristotle said ___ was seat of mind/soul; ___ said health/thoughts/emotions determined by spirits flowing from brain cavities called ventricles; ____ said pineal gland as seat of soul |
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Definition
| heart; Galen; Rene Descartes |
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Term
| 1660s man responsible for mental functioning, localization according to brain regions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Discovered staining (chemical technique), so possible to see entire neuron --> acceptance of neuron theory |
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Definition
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|
Term
| "Father of Neuroscience" who drew retinas, cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 1906 winners of Nobel prize for physiology and medicine |
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Definition
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Term
| Two opposing ideas of 1800s between Golgi and Cajal |
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Definition
| reticular theory (nervous system = large network of fused nerve cells), neuron theory (nervous system = distinct elements/cells); Cajal used golgi stains to prove second |
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Term
| mid-1800s proposed doctrine of specific nerve energies; explain |
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Definition
| Johannes Mueller/Müller; our perceptions depend on "nerve energies" reaching brain; specific quality experienced depends on which nerves stimulated (optic nerve/seeing, auditory nerve/hearing) |
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Term
| Activity by particular sensory nerve always conveys same kind of information to brain |
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Definition
| Law of Specific Nerve Energies |
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Term
| Person who recorded electrical signals from single sensory neurons in 1920s |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 2-mm-thick layer covering brain surface; contains machinery for creating perception and other functions like language, memory, thinking |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Specific functions served by specific areas of cortex; localization |
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Term
| Important for sensory transmission and processing (like sensory relay center); located toward the core |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Receives input from optic nerves (eyes) and sends back to cortical regions like visual cortex |
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Definition
| Thalamus, "sensory relay center"--not just for vision, but for many senses |
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Term
| Visible axons of neurons, where transmissions occur |
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Definition
| White matter (fatty myelin sheaths) |
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|
Term
| Purpose = respond to environmental stimuli and transduce them into electrical signals; also comunicate with others so signals can travel long distances |
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Definition
| Neurons (transduction, transmission) |
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Term
| Two glial cells that make up myelin sheath |
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Definition
| Oligodendrocytes (can wrap around axon many many times) and Schwann cells (only wrap one time to make segment) |
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Term
| Difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells |
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Definition
| Oigodendrocytes myelinate central nervous system (like DENDRiTES in brain); Schwann cells myelinate peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| Neurons specialized to respond to environmental stimuli like pressure, light, air/liquid chemicals, etc. |
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Definition
| Receptors; part of each receptor reacts to environmental stimuli and triggers generation of electrical signals, which are transmitted via axons to neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to measure difference in charge between recording microelectrode and reference microelectrode in single neuron |
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|
Term
| Difference of charge between inside and outside of neuron |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Taking difference in charge farther from 0mv, so making difference larger |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Taking difference in charge closer to 0mv, so making difference smaller |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Difference in charge when at resting potential |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Action potential brings axon to what charge? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Function = communicate information via electrical message traveling along axon's length, carried by ions |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Action potential impulse isn't like electrons through power cord because... |
|
Definition
| Regenerated at points all along the way |
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|
Term
| Membrane channels whose permeability (whether open or closed) depends on voltage difference across membrane--what we're measuring with our two electrodes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Procaine, Novocaine, cocaine, tetrodotoxin (pufferfish) block ____ |
|
Definition
| Block voltage-gated sodium channels, so signals of pain can't reach brain |
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|
Term
| Scorpion venom blocks ____ |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated potassium channels, so action potential goes up and never goes back down; increasing sodium inside cells leads to death |
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|
Term
| During depolarization (working toward 0mv from -70mv), what does voltage sensor do? |
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Definition
| Not as repelled by the outside of the cell, so opens little gateway so channel opens and Na+ can flow from outside to inside of cell (concentration AND electrical gradient) |
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Term
| During return to negative polarization, how does neuron reach resting potential? |
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Definition
| Voltage-gated potassium channels open, K+ ions flow out because of concentration gradient and (at peak of action potential) electrical gradient, taking positive charge with them (so --> negative) |
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Term
| After resting potential, this restores original concentrations/distributions of ions; "resetting" concentrations |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Actually brings cell back to its resting potential |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated potassium channel |
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|
Term
| Action potentials "propagate", meaning: |
|
Definition
| traveling waves along length of entire axon |
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|
Term
| Graded potential means ________, so as they go along they get weaker so there are regeneration places called _____ |
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Definition
| Passive diffusion; Nodes of Ranvier (make sure AP signals are just as strong at end of AP as it was in the beginning) |
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Term
| Myelinated neurons increase ____, therefore saving ____ and ____ |
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Definition
| Increase speed, saving neurons and energy |
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|
Term
| When you have enough depolarization to reach a certain threshold, like -50mv --> +30 or +40mv; "all or none law" |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Creates and maintains the concentration gradient |
|
Definition
| Sodium potassium pump embedded in membrane; pull 3 Na+ ions OUT of cell and put K+ ions INTO cell |
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|
Term
| Difference between protein channels and pumps |
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Definition
| Pumps require energy to run because working against concentration gradient--don't help PASSIVE movement |
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|
Term
| Membrane is highly permeable to one specific type of molecule but not to others |
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Definition
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|
Term
| At rest, inside of membrane is slightly ___ with respect to outside |
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Definition
| Negative (that's why -70mv at rest) |
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|
Term
| At rest, what are gradients doing with regard to Na+ ions? |
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Definition
| Concentration: OUT to IN; electrical: OUT to IN; so STRONG movement from OUT to IN |
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|
Term
| At rest, what are the gradients doing with regard to K+ ions? |
|
Definition
| Concentration: IN to OUT; electrical: OUT to IN; so fairly balanced because opposing forces |
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|
Term
| Once response is triggered, travels all the way down axon without decreasing in size (all or nothing) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Interval between time one nerve impulse occurs and next can be generated in axon |
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Definition
| Refractory period; short time after AP when neuron resists firing more APs; need stronger stimulation than normal to reach threshold of excitation and fire another AP |
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Term
| Establishes baseline level of nerve firing because APs occurring in absence of environmental stimuli |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Open up to send signals to vesicles when sense depolarization coming from presynaptic cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Movement of neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Neurotransmitters activate ____ on the postsynaptic cell membrane |
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Definition
| Ligand-gated channels (ion channels) |
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|
Term
| Depolarization of postsynaptic cell |
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Definition
| Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) |
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|
Term
| Hyperpolarization of postsynaptic cell |
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Definition
| Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) |
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|
Term
| More ____ (ion) leads to EPSP (excitatory) |
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Definition
| Na+ (remember scorpion venom) |
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|
Term
| Less ____ (ion) leads to hyperpolarization (inhibitory) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| More _____ (ion) leads to hyperpolarization (inhibitory) |
|
Definition
| Chloride (Cl- , so you're adding -) |
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|
Term
| "Trigger zone" where the axon LEAVES the soma/cell body of the neuron; the first point that has voltage-gated sodium channels |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| "All or nothing" -- when reaching axon hillock, about to leave soma/cell body |
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Definition
| Digital (as opposed to analog, which is graded and can range) |
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|
Term
| What happens when NT makes contact with receptor site matching its shape? |
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Definition
| Activates receptor site and triggers voltage change in receiving neuron |
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|
Term
| Appearance of stimulation is _____ for transmission in circuits with NO convergence |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Synapsing of 2+ neurons onto a single neuron |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Area on receptors that influences neuron's firing rate |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where is receptive field for vision? |
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Definition
| Area on retina; light hitting this area on retina causes change in firing rate in neuron we're recording from |
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|
Term
| Areas of receptive field are arranged in center region that responds one way and a surround region that responds the opposite way |
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Definition
| Center-surround receptive field |
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|
Term
| Effect caused because center and surround of receptive field respond in opposite ways, so can cancel each other out |
|
Definition
| Center-surround antagonism |
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|
Term
| Representations of particular environment objects by the firing of single neurons--tuned to respond specifically to that object |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Example of specificity coding no longer accepted |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons involved in specificity coding ("grandmother cells") |
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Definition
| Hippocampus and medial temporal lobe, associated with memory storage |
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|
Term
| Representation of particular object by pattern of firing in groups of neurons |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In between specificity coding and distributed coding; distributed coding with just a few neurons (like Jennifer Aniston study) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Idea that particular object is represented by firing of relatively small number of neurons |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Determining/finding connections between environmental stimuli and neural firing |
|
Definition
| Neural correlate of consciousness (NCC) |
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|
Term
| "Easy" problem of consciousness |
|
Definition
| Finding NCC (neural correlate of consciousness), because possible to discover many connections between neural firing and experience |
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Term
| "Hard" problem of consciousness |
|
Definition
| How do physiological responses become transformed into experience? |
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|
Term
| Vision begins when what happens? |
|
Definition
| Visible light (band of energy within electromagnetic spectrum 400-700nm) is reflected from objects into eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| Light reflected from environment objects enters eye through pupil, focused by cornea and lens to form sharp images on retina, which contains receptors for vision |
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Term
| The types of visual receptors in retina |
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Definition
| Rods and cones (named for appearance) |
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Term
| Transparent/clear covering of front of eye; accounts for 80% of eye's focusing power BUT fixed in place so can't adjust focus |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clear; responsible for remaining 20% of eye's focusing power and CAN change shape to adjust focus to accomodate for stimuli at different distances |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ____ is the clear covering in FRONT of the eye; ____ is also clear but is BEHIND the iris |
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Definition
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|
Term
| All around side of lens in all directions; can contract and change curvature of lens to change focus |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fluid in front of lens = ___; fluid behind lens = ____ |
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Definition
| Aqueous humor (in front = A); vitreous humor (behind = V) |
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|
Term
| At center of vision, provides us with acuity/detail |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Creates natural blind spot about 18* outside direct front vision in each eye |
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Definition
| Optic nerve head (where all are leaving the eye) |
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|
Term
| Objects that are ____ need more bending to bring focus point on retina, like adjusting zoom on camera to adjust for object's distance |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When you change focus (like something close to eye), you're changing ____ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Distance at which lens can no longer adjust to bring close objects into focus; when you feel a "strain" in your eye |
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Definition
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|
Term
| "Old eye"; distance of near point increases as person gets older, so near point gets farther and farther away |
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Definition
| Presbyopia; loss of ability to accommodate because lens hardens with age and ciliary muscles become weaker, so less focusing power |
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|
Term
| For presbyopia, point is going ____ retina |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Nearsightedness; can see nearby objects clearly; point is ____ retina |
|
Definition
| Myopia; in front of retina |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cornea and/or lens bends light too much, or eyeball is too long |
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|
Term
| Distance at which spot of light becomes focused on retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Farsightedness; can see distant objects clearly; cause |
|
Definition
| Hyperopia; short eyeball, so not enough bending of light...difficult to accommodate to close objects |
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|
Term
| Lack of radial symmetry in cornea or lens, so more like football instead of basketball; things are blurred in one direction/radius (often at young ages but grow out of it) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Lens clouds over; way to remove it |
|
Definition
| Cataract; phacoemulsification |
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|
Term
| Reflects light into the eye with half-silvered mirror to see inside of eye; inventor |
|
Definition
| Ophthalmoscope; Hermann von Helmholtz |
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|
Term
| Retina seen through ophthalmoscope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light from optic nerve fibers hit ___ cells, then move to middle layer with __, __, and __ cells, then into ___ cells |
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Definition
| Ganglion; middle layer (amacrine, bipolar, horizontal cells); receptor cells (photoreceptors = rods and cones) |
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|
Term
| What carry out transduction? |
|
Definition
| Visual receptors: rods and cones |
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|
Term
| ___ : color vision :: ___ : acuity (but color blind) |
|
Definition
| cones = color, rods = acuity but color blind |
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|
Term
| Why are rods more sensitive to light than cones? |
|
Definition
| They have convergence (whereas cones in fovea do NOT...although cones on periphery sort of do) |
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|
Term
| Rod outer segments are where what happens, and how? |
|
Definition
| Where light creates electricity; on stacks of discs are visual pigment molecules with long strands of proteins called opsin |
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|
Term
| Retinal + opsin; sensitive to light |
|
Definition
| Rhodopsin (on rod outer segments) |
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|
Term
| Process of transduction, beginning with retinal |
|
Definition
| Light-sensitive retinal absorbs one photon of light, causing rhodopsin to change shape--retinal breaks away to signal light's presence |
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|
Term
| When retinal changes shape after triggered by photon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who found that RL for detecting light was 100 photons? Of those, how many absorbed by light-sensitive retinal part of visual pigment? |
|
Definition
| Hecht (1940s, psychophysical experiment); 50 bounce off cornea or absorbed by lens and vitreous humor, and only 7 absorbed while 43 hit larger opsin (NOT sensitive to light) |
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|
Term
| Is retinal or opsin = sensitive to light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rods' response to light; when are sodium channels kept open, and when do they close? |
|
Definition
| Open in the dark because rhodopsin inactive; but in the light, rhodopsin = bleached so sodium channels close |
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|
Term
| Glutamate ____ the cell it signals to (regarding rods' response to light) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three types of cones, each with different type of opsin molecule |
|
Definition
| Short, medium, or long wavelength cones...whereas rods are right in the middle of the wavelength at 500nm |
|
|
Term
| Sequence of reactions triggered by activated visual pigment molecule |
|
Definition
| Enzyme cascade (since enzymes facilitate chemical reactions) |
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|
Term
| In the fovea there are only _____; in periphery, mostly ______; in blind spot, there are _____ |
|
Definition
| fovea = cones, periphery = mostly rods; blind spot = no receptors |
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|
Term
| Most common in elderly; destroys cone-rich fovea and small area surrounding it, creating blind spot in central vision if looking at something directly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Retina degeneration passed genetically; poor peripheral vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensitivity found by adjusting light intensity so that can just barely be seen |
|
Definition
| Light-adapted sensitivity (since measured while eyes adapted to light) |
|
|
Term
| How do rod and cone dark adaptation differ? |
|
Definition
| Rods = very slow and gradual increase in sensitivity over ~30 min; cones = very rapid increase and then levels out at 2 min |
|
|
Term
| Born without rods, so poor acuity and no color vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Place where rods begin to determine dark adaptation curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Curves of detection threshold graph (dark adaptation) are determined by what? |
|
Definition
| Regeneration of rhodopsin |
|
|
Term
| Retinal and opsin become rejoined after being split apart / bleached |
|
Definition
| Visual pigment regeneration |
|
|
Term
| Condition in which visual pigment can't regeneration; cause |
|
Definition
| Detached retina; traumatic injuries of eye/head--so when visual pigments bleached and retinal and opsin separated, can't be recombined; become blind |
|
|
Term
| Observer's sensitivity to light at each wavelength across visible spectrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Less light is needed to see wavelengths ...where? |
|
Definition
| In middle of spectrum compared to at either extreme |
|
|
Term
| Rods are more sensitive to ____-wavelength light than cones |
|
Definition
| short (blue, purple, green) -- remember the Purkinje effect/shift |
|
|
Term
| Why greens/blues/purple (short wavelengths) look more intense in semi-darkness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can we read things like fine print so accurately with our foveas? |
|
Definition
| In fovea, each cone receptor has its own bipolar and its own ganglion cell--a "direct line"; also, receptive fields are much smaller so easy to tell to tiny degree where light is stimulating those receptive fields separately |
|
|
Term
| Reflective shield that means "bright carpet" why nocturnal animals have greater sensitivity in dim light |
|
Definition
| Tapetum lucidum (lucid tapestry?) |
|
|
Term
| Rods' convergence ____ their ability to resolve details (acuity) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibition transmitted across retina; studied in what creature? |
|
Definition
| Lateral inhibition; horseshoe crab (Limulus) |
|
|
Term
| Illusion: See spots at intersections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do white spaces between intersections of Hermann grid seem a bit brighter (76 instead of 60)? |
|
Definition
| Black square areas send almost NO lateral inhibition because not stimulated by light; however, surrounding white areas send lateral inhibition |
|
|
Term
| As stimulation increases, inhibition ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Illusory light and dark bands near a light-dark border |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral inhibition can't explain what illusion? Possible explanation? |
|
Definition
| White's illusion; belongingness (area's appearance is influenced by part of surroundings to which area appears to belong--lefthand rectangle looks to be behind bars, righthand appears to be in front of bars) |
|
|
Term
| Eye --> optic nerve --> ______ in the thalamus |
|
Definition
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) |
|
|
Term
| From LGN, signals travel to ____ (primary visual receiving area) |
|
Definition
| Striate cortex; striped/striated by nerve fibers |
|
|
Term
| Primary (first to receive visual input) visual cortex is located where? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Controls eye movements and other visual behaviors; receives ~10% of fibers from optic nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| Visual input from the LEFT visual field of EACH retina is processed where? |
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Definition
| Crosses over at optic chiasm and is processed by RIGHT side of brain |
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Term
| Half of retina closer to nose = ____; half away from nose = ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| "Geniculate" means "little knee"--why? |
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Definition
| LGN look like little bent knees |
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Term
| LGN neurons have ____ configuration, similar to ____ cells |
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Definition
| center-surround, like retinal ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulate neural information as it flows from retina to visual cortex; weed out some information when necessary |
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Term
| 10% optic nerve fibers arrive at superior colliculus; where do other 90% go? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tons of axons radiating from LGN to cortex, actually visible in cross-sections |
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Definition
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Term
| Layers of LGN alternate in what way? |
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Definition
| Between receiving signals from the ipsilateral (same side) eye and contralateral (opposite side) eye |
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Term
| Map in which each point on LGN corresponds to point on retina (diagonally opposite) |
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Definition
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Term
| More than ____% of cortex responds to visual stimuli; we know this because of who? |
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Definition
| 80%; Hubel and Wiesel experiments with flashes of light on retina |
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Term
| Hubel and Wiesel discovered that cells in striate cortex have ___ excitatory and inhibitory areas/regions, arranged in what way (and called what)? |
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Definition
| have FIXED excitatory/inhibitory areas, arranged side by side instead of center-surround, called "simple cortical cells" |
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Term
| Simple cortical cell's orientation tuning curve (showing impulse/excitation) depends on what? |
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Definition
| Degree of tilt of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Cortical cells that don't respond just to orientation of lines but instead to moving bars--must be correctly oriented moving across entire receptive field, particularly in certain movement direction |
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Term
| Unlike simple cells, the excitatory zone of complex cells is NOT ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| If you mapped out excitatory area of a simple cell it would look like _____; of a complex cell it would look like _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Fire to moving lines of a specific LENGTH or to moving corners or angles; have very strong inhibitory regions |
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Definition
| end-stopped cells, or hypercomplex cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple, complex, and end-stopped cells, since they fire in response to specific FEATURES of the stimulus (orientation, direction of movement, etc.) |
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Term
| As travel farther from retina, neurons fire to ______ stimuli |
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Definition
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Term
| If neurons fire for long enough, become fatigued...adapt; causes what? |
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Definition
| Selective adaptation; neuron's firing rate decreases and neuron fires less when that stimulus is immediately presented again |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternating bars, sometimes with different orientations or contrasts |
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Term
| Difference in intensity at which bars can just barely be seen |
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Definition
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Term
| If animal reared in environment with only certain types of stimuli neurons responding to these stimuli will become more prevalent; idea follows from neural plasticity or experience-dependent plasticity |
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Definition
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Term
| Response properties of neurons can be shaped by perceptual experience |
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Definition
| Selective rearing (neural plasticity, experience-dependent plasticity) |
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Term
| If you were surrounded by vertical lines all your life, neurons respond predominantly to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| If you sew up cat's eye at birth for 2-3 months, even 3 years later neurons in cortex respond almost solely to the eye never sewed shut |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain ignores input from one eye; causes |
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Definition
| Amblyopia (form of ocular deprivation); strabismus (lazy eye, cross-eye), congenital cataracts, anisometropia (different refractive powers in two eyes) |
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Term
| Neurons near each other in the cortex have receptive fields _____ on the retina; this helps with ____ |
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Definition
| near each other; increased efficiency |
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Term
| 8-10% of retinotopic map of cortex = area representing cone-rich fovea, whereas fovea's size is only 0.01% of retina's area |
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Definition
| Cortical magnification factor |
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Term
| Distorts image on fovea to make visual field representation very large |
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Definition
| Cortical magnification factor |
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Term
| Perpendicular to striate cortex's surface, so all neurons within have receptive fields at same location on retina |
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Definition
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Term
| Each contains cells responding best to a particular orientation; adjacent ones have cells with ____ preferred orientations |
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Definition
| Orientation columns (in striate cortex); slightly different preferred orientations |
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Term
| Preferential response to one eye compared to other, so each neuron encountered along perpendicular electrode track responds best to same eye |
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Definition
| Ocular dominance columns (in striate cortex) |
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Term
| About 80% of neurons in V1 (primary visual cortex) respond to input from _____, but most cells respond best to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| In ocular dominance columns, the ________ changes as you go across various columns in a certain direction, usually ___ ___ ___ ___ |
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Definition
| preferred eye; left right left right |
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Term
| Larger unit with combination of ____, ____, and ____ columns |
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Definition
| Hypercolumns; location, orientation, ocular dominance |
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Term
| Hypothetical drawing of hypercolumns from Hubel and Wiesel; why incorrect? |
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Definition
| Ice-cube model; not that simple--in some places orientation columns aren't side by side but instead arranged like pinwheels |
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Term
| The striate cortex breaks everything down, but beyond V1 the brain ______ |
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Definition
| builds up the visual process again, so we can recognize and interact |
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Term
| Object discrimination problem |
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Definition
| Monkey (with ablasion) shown one object and then presented with two-choice task including target object and another stimulus; gets food for pushing target object |
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Term
| Landmark discrimination problem |
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Definition
| (Monkey with ablasion) food hidden closest to certain "landmark" stimulus |
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Term
| Pathway from striate cortex to temporal lobe = _____ or ____; located where? |
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Definition
| "what pathway" or "ventral pathway"; located along lower surface/side of temporal lobe (what lower ventana toward the ground?) |
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Term
| Pathway from striate cortex to parietal lobe = ____ or ____; location |
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Definition
| "where pathway" or "dorsal pathway"; back/upper surface of organism, so top of brain (where is the door UP to heaven?) |
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Term
| Dorsal stream isn't just "where" but also ___; should be changed to "____" |
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Definition
| taking action (location + movement, not just location); should be "how" to direct action with regard to stimulus (HOW do I get UP to the door?) |
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Term
| Study of behavioral effects of brain damage in humans |
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Definition
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Term
| Situations in which one function is absent while another is present; two types |
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Definition
| Dissociations; single (in one person), double (2+ people in opposite situations) |
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Term
| Patient DF had ___ damage and could not _____, but COULD _____ because involved ____ |
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Definition
| ventral pathway damage and couldn't match orientation (perception/ventral/what), but could easily "mail" (action/dorsal) |
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Term
| Inability to recognize objects visually |
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Definition
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Term
| Two small lines inside tilted squares appear slightly tilted in opposite directions even though parallel; used to study what? |
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Definition
| Rod and frame illusion; used to study difference between matching and grasping, or what (ventral) and how (dorsal) |
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Term
| Structure that's specialized to process information about particular type of stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| Three examples of modules; location |
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Definition
| FFA (fusiform face area), EBA (extrastriate body area), PPA (parahippocampal place area); temporal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Fusiform face area = inferior (underside of) temporal cortex |
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Term
| Neural selectivity...shaped by ___ or ___? |
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Definition
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Term
| Greeble recognition and experience-dependent plasticity are examples of what? |
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Definition
| How neurons (neural selectivity) can be shaped by experience, not evolution |
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