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the process by which sensory systems (eyes, ears, and other sensory organs) and nervous system receive stimuli from our environment |
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information processing that analyzes on the raw stimuli entering through the many sensory systems
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the minimum amount of a stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus |
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the minimum amount of difference needed to detect that two stimuli are not the same |
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| differences you don't notice |
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Signal Detection Theory- a theory that predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) |
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| These are the three types of variables |
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stimulus variables, environmental variables, organismic variables |
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diminished sensitivity to constant and unchanging stimulation |
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focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus to the exclusion of others |
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An energy spectrum that includes X-rays, radar, and radio waves |
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the color of light as determined by the wavelength of the light energy |
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high frequency wavelength produces this |
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bluish colors, high-pitched sounds |
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low frequency wavelengths produce |
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reddish colors, low-pitched sounds |
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the brightness of light as determined by height of the wave |
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great amplitude create this |
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bright colors, loud sounds |
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| small amplitude produces this |
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Trichromatic (three-color) theory |
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A theory of color vision that says cones are sensitive to red, green, and blue light - the three colors that combine to create millions of color combinations |
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When mixing colored paints, each new color SUBTRACTS (soaks up) another wavelength |
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When mixing colored lights, each new color ADDS another wavelength |
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Opponent-process theory of color |
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A theory of color vision that says color is processed by cones organized in opponent pairs (also explains afterimage effect) |
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a sound's highness or lowness, which depends on the frequency of the sound wave |
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a measure of the number of sound wave peaks per second; measures "frequency" (determines sound's pitch) |
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A measure of the height of the sound wave, determines the loudness of the sound, sometimes called amplitude |
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Is a chemical sense, receptor cells are located primarily on the tongue and in the mouth, four different tastes: salty, sweet, sour, and bitter, damaged taste receptor cells are replaced within a few days |
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Renowned researcher on the role of genetics and the treatment of disorders in the chemical senses of taste and smell |
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person with an abundance of taste receptors, approximately 25% of the population |
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People with a minimum of taste receptors, taste with less intensity than the rest of the population, approximately 25% of the population |
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| Also a chemical effect, interacts with taste to produce flavor |
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Four basic skin senses are- pain, warmth, cold, and pressure, all skin sensations are a combination of these four basic senses |
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Gate-control theory of pain
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Pain messages travel on one set of nerve fibers containing pain gates, the gates are open when pain is felt, other sensory messages go through another set of fibers, the nonpain fibers can close the pain gates to stop the sens of pain |
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The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts, relies on receptor cells from the muscles and joints, if someone's body part, like leg, "falls asleep," kinesthetic sense is disrupted |
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The system for sensing body orientation and balance, which is located in the semicircular canals in the inner ear, relies on fluid in the canals, spinning in circles disrupts the fluid |
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the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information |
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the "whole" or the organizational patterns that we tend to perceive
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The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground), the figure is the object that stands out or draws one's attention |
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The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into understandable units |
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similarity, proximity, closure, continuity |
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the tendency to place items that look similar into a group
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the tendency to place objects that are physically close to each other in a group |
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the tendency to look at the whole by filling in gaps in a perceptual field |
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the tendency to perceive that movement of an object continues once it appears to move in a particular direction |
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the ability to see in three dimensions and judge distances |
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a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals |
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depth cues that require the use of both eyes |
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A binocular depth cue resulting from slightly different images produced by the retina of the left eye and the retina of the right eye |
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A binocular depth cue related to the tension in the eye muscles when the eyes track inward to focus on objects close the viewer |
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depth cues that require the use of only one eye |
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| Examples of Monocular Cues |
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relative size, relative motion, interposition, relative height, texture gradient, relative clarity, and linear perspective |
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perceiving the size, shape, and lightness of an object as unchanging, even as the image of the object on the retina of the eye changes |
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A person's understanding that as an object moves further or close to them its actual size stays the same
(As an object appears to become larger we realize it is getting closer, not bigger, as an object appears to become smaller we realize it is moving farther away, not getting smaller)
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the understanding that an object's shape remains the same even though the angle of view makes the shape appear changed
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paper in light looks brighter than in dark |
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a mental predisposition to perceive something one way and not another |
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concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information |
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misinterpreting sensory stimuli |
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gaps in a picture filled in to create a perceived whole
[image]
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using light and shadows to form an illusion of depth, we assume the light comes from above
[image] |
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Cornea- helps to shield and defent the eye
Iris- a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye and regulates the size of the pupil
Changes to its size, allowing more or less light to enter the eye
Pupil- the adjustable opening in the center of the iris, which controls the amount of light entering the eye
In bright conditions the iris expands, making the pupil smaller
In dark conditions the iris contracts, making the pupil larger
Lens- a transparent structure behind the pupil in the eye that changes shape to focus images on the retina
Muscles that change the thickness of the lens change how the light is bent thereby focusing the image
Glasses or contacts correct problems in the lens' ability to focus
Retina- Light-sensitive surface at the back of the eyeball, contains cells that convert light energy to nerve impulses
Made up of three layers of cells |
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Receptor cells- Specialized cells in every sensory system of the body that can turn other different kinds of energy into action potentials (neural impulses) that the brain can process
They are present in every sensory system to change some other form of energy into neural impulses
In sight they change light into neural impulses the brain can understand
Rods- visual receptor cells located in the retina that can detect only black, white, and gray
Respond to less light than do cones
Cones- visual receptor cells located in the retina that can detect sharp details and color
Need more light than the rods, many cones are clustered in the fovea
Bipolar cells- gather information from the rods and cones and pass it on the ganglion cells
Cells that form the middle layer in the retina
Ganglion Cells- pass the information from the bipolar cells through their axons
Together these cells form the optic nerve
The top layer of the cells is in the retina
Optic Nerve- the nerve that carries visual information from the eye to the occipital lobes of the brain, Blind Spot- the point at which the optic nerve travels through the retina to exit the eye; the lack of rods and cones at this point, creates a small blind spot |
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Auditory Canal- the opening through which sound waves travel as they move into the ear for processing
Ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)
The tissue barrier that transfers sound vibration from the air to the tine bones of the middle ear
Can be damaged by objects in the ear or exceptionally loud noises
Ossicles- three tiny bones that transfer sound waves from the eardrum to the cochlea
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Cochlea- the major organ of hearing; a snail shaped bony body tube fluid-filled in the inner ear
Where sound waves are changed to neural impulses
Oval Window- The point on the surface of the cochlea which receives the sound vibration from the ossicles
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| Cells and other parts for hearing |
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Hair Cells
The receptor cells for hearing; they're located in the cochlea and are responsibly for changing sound vibrations into neural impulses
Auditory Nerve
The nerve that carries sound information from the ears to the temporal lobes of the brain
Localization of sound (sound shadow)
Locating where sound is originating from
Done through two cues: which ear hears the sound first? Which ear hears the louder sound?
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