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1)Input from the environment
2) Detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain.
3)Taste, Touch, Smell, Vision, Hearing |
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| The brain's interpretation of raw sensory inputs |
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| The process of converting an external energy or substance into neural activity |
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| Specicalized cell responsible for converting external stimuli into neural activity for a specific sensory systeml. |
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| lovwest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change 50 percent of the time. |
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| (JND) Just Noticable Difference |
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| the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect |
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| The stronger the baseline stimulus, the bigger the change needed to notice the change |
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Green & Swets
-Distinguishing a signal from a noise |
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| Signal-to-noise ratio- It becomes harder to detect a signal as the background increases. |
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| Make one type of guess over anohter when we are in doubt |
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| The mixing of senses across the brain areas |
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Auditory Cue: Ba (sound)
Visual Cue: Ga (Mouth Movement)
Brain interprets "Da" as the best guess |
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-Subject's hand out of view
-Fake hand is in view
-Experimenter brushes real hand and fake hand.
-Subject begins to believe the fake hand is her hand. |
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To construct a whole stimulus from its parts
-See the object on the basis of its edges |
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| Influenced by our beliefs and expectations. |
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The processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness.
-Some evidence in emotion. |
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Subthreshold influences over our product choices
-i.e. votes in elections, life descions. |
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Based on
-Perceptual Sets
-Perceptual Consistancy
*shape
*size
*color |
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| The process by which we percieve stimuli consistently across varied conditions |
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| Ability to percieve objects as the same size no matter how near or far away they are from us |
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Door Example
-Percieve it as a door whether the angle is a rectangle or a trapezoid |
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Ability to percieve color consistantly across different levels of illumenation
-Cherry example |
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Process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others.
-Rubix Cube example |
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| Filter Theory of attention |
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Definition
| Views attention as a bottleneck through which information passes |
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Definition
In which subjects hear two different message, one delivered to the left ear and one to the right ear.
"I saw a girl...song was wishing"
"me that bird...jumping in the street"
Comes out to "I saw a girl jumping in the street." |
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How the brain takes multiole pieces of information and combines them to represent something concrete.
i.e. apple
-sweet, tart
-red and round
-feels smooth
*shape, motion, color, and depth |
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Pick out bits of relavent information
i.e. hear your name at the party, you listen |
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| ESP (Extrasensory Perception) |
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Definition
Perception of events outside the known channels of sensation.
-Can sense things beyond the 5 senses. |
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| Precognition (Type of ESP) |
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Definition
| Predicting events before they even occur through paranormal means. |
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| Reading other peoples minds |
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| Clairvoyance(Type of ESP) |
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Definition
| Detecting the presence of objects or people that are hidden from view |
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| How many Americans believe in ESP? |
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Definition
41% of Americans believe ESP is true.
Evidence
-Zener Card Study
-Ganzfield Technique |
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Multiple end points
-Keep their predictions open-ended that they are consistent with almost any outcome
-"You are going through some hard descions"
Cold reading- The art of persuading people we've just met that we know all about them. |
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| The Human Visual Spectrum |
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Definition
| Only respond to Visible Light 400-700 nanos |
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| Intensity of reflected light that reaches our eyes |
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The color of the light.
-Humans have sensitivity to red blue and green |
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| The colored part of the eye |
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Responsible for the color in the iris
-Melanin (brown)
-Lipochrome (yellowish-brown) |
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| Circular hole through which light enters the eye |
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| Decrease the amount of light that enters the eye |
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Expansion of the eye
i.e. when a person finds someone attractive |
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part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus the light of the retina.
-Bends incoming light |
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| Part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus |
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The lenses change shape to focus light on the back of our eyes.
-Adaptation to different lighting conditions. |
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Membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity
-Inner layer of the eyeball
-Light to nerve impulses |
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Central portion of the retina
-Where rays are sharply focused |
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| Receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light |
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| Receptor cellsw in the retina allowing us to see in color |
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| Chemicals that change following exposure to light |
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| Photopigment found in rods (seeing low levels of light) |
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| After staring at an image for a long time, you look away on a white surface and see a colored image in reverse. |
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Definition
Contain axons
-depart the eye to reach the brain |
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Part of the visual field we can't see out of
-Absence of rods and cones where optic nerve leaves the eye. |
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| Contains axons of ganglion cells that travel from the retina to the brain. |
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| The fork in the "road" where the two eyes optic nerves meet. |
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Feature Detection
(Shape and Contour) |
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| Our ability to use certin minimal patterns to identify an object. |
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Subjective Contours
(Shape and Contour) |
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| Our brains ability to provide missing information about outlines |
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| Rules governing how we percieve objects as wholes within their overall context |
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| objects physically close to each other tent to be percieved as unified wholes |
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| We see similar things as comprising a whole, much more that disimalar objects |
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| Percieve objects as whole even if other objects block part of them |
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| When partial visual information is present, the mind fills in what is missing. |
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| Percieve objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more other than those that aren't |
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Focus attention on what we believe to be the central figure.
-Ignore waht we believe is the background. |
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Image that can be percieved in two ways.
-Young woman vs. Old woman picture |
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| Our ability to recognize familiar faces. |
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Brain judges how things are changing by comparing visual frames.
i.e.-In a movie |
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| Illusionary perception of movement produced by successive flashing images. |
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| Trichromatic Theory (Color) |
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Idea that color is based on our sensitivity to three different colors.
(Red green and blue) |
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Definition
| Inability to see some or all colors |
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| Perceiving one of two complementary colors (red vs. green) |
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| Ability to judge distance and three-dimensional relations |
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| Stimuli that enables us to judge depth using only one eye |
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| Stimuli that enables us to judge depth using both eyes |
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| Examples of decieving perception |
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Definition
The Moon Illusion
-Moon appears closer when it is near the horizon
The Ames Room
-Appears that the same sized people in a trapezoidal room; one is huge and one is minature. |
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| The frequency of sound waves |
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The amplitude or height of the sound wave
-Measured in decibels |
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| The quality or complexity of the sound |
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Made of three parts
Outer, Middle, Inner |
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| Flexible Outter flap of the ear |
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| Conducts sound waves to the eardrum |
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| the three tiniest bones in the body (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) |
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Converts vibration into neural activity
-Spiral shaped organ |
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| Tissue containing the hair cells nessecary for hearing |
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| how transduction of auditory information occurs |
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| membrane suppoerting the organ of Corti and hair cells in the cochlea |
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| Olfaction(Smell) and Gustation(Taste) |
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| Why do we "taste" things? |
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Definition
-Safety
-Makes things more enjoyable
-"Super Tasters" |
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Sense receptors tht respond to taste on our tongue
-Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (meaty or savory), and fat (Evidence of the fat taste) |
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-Safety
-Makes things more enjoyable
-"Super Smellers" |
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| Oderless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of one's species |
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| TOUCH, BODY POSITION, AND BALANCE |
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Definition
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| Our sense of body position |
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| Detect deep pressure, tempurature, and pain. |
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| Our sense of equilibrium or balance |
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