• Smell,
• hearing
• sight
• touch
• taste
• kinesthetic
• vestibular

• Sense of our orientation
• Given by the semi-circular canals the vestibular sacks in the middle ear and the fluid in the ears

• The amount of change needed to produce a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus intesnity.
•  The more intense the stimulus, the more the stimulus intensity has to be increased before a change is noticed

• The darck circle in the center of the iris
• The opening through which light enters the eye

• The curved structure behind the pupil that focuses light on the retina
• The lens flattens or distant object and fattensfor close objects
• Stiffens with age

• The surface at the back of the eye that contains rods and cones, which convert light into impulses
• Transmits these light impulses by neurons to the back of the brain

• The inside fluid of the eyes
• Light passes through this after the pupil and lens
• Made up of 99% water, hyaluric acid, inorganic salts, sugar, ascorbic acid, collagen

• Photo receptors responsible for color vision and visual acuity
• Concentrated in the central region of the retina (fovea)

• Photoreceptors responsible for vision in dim light, peripheral vision, and black and white vision
• does not recieve color
• Greatest concentration just outside of the fovea, gradually decreases to the periphery of the retina

• Three types of cones, eache with a different photo chemical
• Respond to red, green and blue

• Explains after images
• Cones are linked together in opposing pairs: blue and yellow, red and green, black and white
• The chemicals are used up when staring at a color and are balanced as they replenish by firing off the opponent color
• i.e. If one stares at the color red too long, there will be a green after image

• Visual stimulus passes through them after going through rods and cones and before reaching the ganglion cells
• Cones have a one-to-one connection
• Rods share cells so color gets to the brain faster

• The axons form the optic nerve
• Carries the signal to the occipital lobe to be interpreted

• The spot in the center of the retina that contains only cones
• Visual acuity is greates here

• Locations where the optic nerve leaves the retina
• Contains no rods or cones, so nothing can be seen at that part of the retina

• connect the rods with other rods
• Connect cones with other cones
• Appear to be responsible for the opponent process theory

• The number of soundwaves that pass a given point per second
• Determine pitch

• The number of different frequencies the sound contains
• Determines the sound quality

• Stretches along the floor of  the cochlea
• Movement of the fluidin the cochlea causes the basilar membrane to move, which causes the tiny hair cells that touch it to move
• Hair cell movement causes neuron activity in the auditory nerve, which carries info to the brain

• Vibrations don't properly conduct through system leading to cochlea
• Causes: Old age, middle ear infection, perforatedtympanic membrane, obstructed external ear canal
• Cochlea is still fine. Heaing aids amplify signal and can sometimes help

• Neural system is damaged, usually part of basilar membrane
• Result: people have problems hearing certain sounds
• Permanenthearing los, aids don't help
• Neruons don't regenerate

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• Two child psychologists developed the visual cliff to test depth perception in infants and toddlers
• Infants 6-14 months don't cross the visual cliff when encouraged by mother

• Kittens wer reaised in darkness except forshot times when they were either exposed to horizontal or vertical stripes.
• When released into normal conditions, those that were exposed to horizontal lines ignored a black rod shown vertically in front of them, and vice versa

• Interpreting visual cues to determine distance
• Binocular cues: requires use of both eyes. (i.e. convergence and retinal disparity)
• Monocular cues: requires use of only one eye (i.e. size, linear perspective, texture gradient, overlapping, etc.)

• For objects closer than 25 feet, eyes must converge to pereive a single object in focus
• Muscle movement is the cue to closeness
• After twenty five feet eyes focus on infinity with little effort which is the cue to distance

• And object viewed by both eyes stimulates one spot in the right retina and a different spot on the left
• If retinal disparity is great, the object is close
• If retinaldisparity is small, the object is distant

• Readiness to percieve stimulus in a certain way
• Influenced by past learning

• Stability in shape, size, brightness and color of objects in our visual fields
• Our ability to recognize an object at different angles, differences and lighting

• Innaccurate perceptions of stimulus being presented
• Learning has important bearing on the perception of illusions
• Individual differences in how and how strongly illusions are percieved

• certain neurons are made to sense motion
• If you watch things going in one direction for a long enough time, those neurons get fatigued
• When you look away, the opposite neurons fire and make it appear that things are going in opposite directions

• Theoretical messages placed in movies or songs (back-masking)
• Do not work 

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• The ability to fill in missing information
• With this image here, our mind fills in the missing information to create a triangle and three circles, even though they don't exist

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• Deciding what makes up a background and what makes the subject (it determines what you see)
• Deciding if the white or the black is the background will change whether you see a vase or two faces

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