Term
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Definition
| frozen strip of land connecting Asia to Alaska; ancient peoples crossed it and then settled the Americas |
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Term
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Definition
elaborately staged ceremonies in which Kwakiutl families gave away large quantities of their
possessions |
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Term
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Definition
| underground ceremonial chambers where Pueblo men held religious ceremonies and councils |
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Term
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Definition
| symbols of the ancestral spirits that guided each family |
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Term
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Definition
ship used by most early Portuguese and Spanish explorers because it was light, swift, and
maneuverable |
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Term
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Definition
Olmec, Maya, Aztecs, Inca (Middle/South America); Hohokam, Anasazi (Southwest North
America); Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian (Eastern North America) |
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Term
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Definition
West African people used slaves, but they were treated well and could adopt/marry into the
family they served, or escape easily |
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Term
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Definition
farms on which a single crop, usually one that requires much human labor, is grown on a large
scale. Portuguese used slaves on them |
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Term
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Definition
| Portuguese traders established direct trade with the Africans, for gold and human cargo |
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Term
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Definition
| a crop grown primarily for sale rather than for the farmer's own use |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of military expeditions to the Middle East under the banner of the Christian cross |
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Term
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Definition
Development in Mexico of planting instead of gathering (i.e. corn); allowed people to remain
in one place and develop skills/ideas. |
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Term
| Differences in Native Americans and Europeans |
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Definition
| Europeans viewed land as a possession while Native Americans shared it |
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Term
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Definition
the beacon for others to follow that Puritans tried to create, in order to fulfill their covenant
with God |
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Term
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Definition
conflict that arose when the Pequot nation decided to take a stand against the colonists;
caused the near destruction of the Pequot nation |
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Term
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Definition
| the move of 20,000 English people to the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1930 and 1940 |
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Term
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Definition
all adult male members of the Puritan church in the Massachusetts Bay colony between 1630
and 1640 |
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Term
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Definition
a large and well-planned colony that began in 1630 from a charter that gave a land-grant
without specifying its location |
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Term
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Definition
| second permanent English colony in North America; founded by the Pilgrims |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of New York that was originally part of the "Dutch Wedge" |
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Term
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Definition
colony set up by Roger Williams after he fled Massachusetts. Guaranteed separation of church
and state and religious freedoms |
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Term
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Definition
agreement the Puritans believed they had with God, in which they created a moral society in
return for peace and prosperity |
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Term
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Definition
| Dutch governor who surrendered New Netherland (New York) without a fight |
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Term
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Definition
Puritans who did not believe reform was possible within the Church of England, and formed
independent congregations |
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Term
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Definition
| separatists who fled from England to Holland to America, founding the Plymouth Colony |
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Term
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Definition
members of the Church of England who wanted to purify it from all Catholic rituals and
traditions |
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Term
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Definition
religious group that believed God's "inner light" burned inside everyone. Their services had no
ministers and they didn't believe in ranks or war |
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Term
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Definition
a lawyer who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and founded it on
Puritan principles |
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Term
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Definition
Quaker who inherited the land for Pennsylvania from a debt owed to his father by King Charles
II |
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Term
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Definition
an extreme separatist who defended Native Americans' right to land and opposed forced
religion. He founded Providence |
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Term
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Definition
belief that God "called" people to their work, and required them to work long and hard at it;
this helped contribute to the rapid growth and success of the New England colonies |
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Term
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Definition
acts by Parliament to protect mercantilism; these acts required that colonial trade use English
ships, crews, and ports, and limited the products they could export |
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Term
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Definition
replacement of King James by the protestant William and Mary; this revolution caused similar
rebellion in the colonies, resulting in changes to the Massachusetts charter |
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Term
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Definition
economic theory where a nation could increase its wealth and power through a favorable
balance of trade (and by obtaining precious metals) |
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Term
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Definition
all the land from southern Maine to New Jersey, consolidated by King James II to make the
colonies more obedient |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of exports to imports; it is favorable to sell more than is bought |
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Term
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Definition
British general who tried to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley, but his soldiers fled the
scene |
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Term
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Definition
| harsh ruler of the Dominion of New England |
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Term
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Definition
British leader who reinvigorated the British army and helped turn around the French and
Indian war |
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Term
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Definition
| British prime minister who enacted the Sugar Act, angering colonial merchants |
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Term
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Definition
| explored the lower Mississippi in 1682 and claimed the entire river valley for France |
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Term
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Definition
they had good relations because the French didn’t take Indian land, and the French needed
the Indians’ economic skills |
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Term
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Definition
bad relations, because as the French expanded East the British expanded West, and they were
soon overlapping |
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Term
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Definition
fourth war between Great Britain and France for control of North America; the British took all
of North America east of the Mississippi, and New Orleans |
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Term
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Definition
| general, easy warrants allowing the British to search colonists’ homes, to reduce smuggling |
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Term
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Definition
England’s relaxed enforcement of most regulations in the colonies in return for continued
economic loyalty |
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Term
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Definition
act that 1.imposed duty (tax) on foreign-made molasses, 2.placed new duties on certain
imports, and 3.strengthened enforcement of laws requiring trial by a vice-admiral court |
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Term
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Definition
established a line across the Appalachians that colonists could not cross, to avoid conflict with
Native Americans |
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Term
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Definition
an extreme separatist who defended Native Americans' right to land and opposed forced
religion. He founded Providence |
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Term
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Definition
two philosophers from the Enlightenment with contrasting views:
Hobbes – man is naturally bad; law/power is man-made; moral sphere is a fantasy; only
natural right is the right to survive; NO GOD
Locke – man is naturally good; God’s law creates property; all men are created equal and with
basic rights; America was founded on his principles |
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Term
| Committees of Correspondence |
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Definition
system set up so that Massachusetts and Virginia could communicate with other colonies
about threats to American liberties |
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Term
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Definition
French aristocrat who suggested a plan of joint-attacking Cornwallis that led to a victory at
Yorktown |
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Term
| Boycotts. Harassment. Rioting. |
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Definition
| colonists’ response to/support of the Revolutionary War |
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Term
| Loans. Ammunition. Clothes. |
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Definition
| Prussia’s response to/support of the Revolutionary War |
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Term
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Definition
| France’s response to/support of the Revolutionary War |
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Term
| Thomas Jefferson and Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
Virginia lawyer Thomas Jefferson was chosen to write the formal Declaration, which was based
on the “natural rights” expressed by John Locke |
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Term
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Definition
| a secret group of workers that resisted against the stamp act |
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Term
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Definition
a greatly exaggerated struggle that broke out in front of the customhouse over jobs, that left
four people dead |
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Term
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Definition
| a request by Congress for a return to “the former harmony” between Britain and the Colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| a meeting of delegates from nine colonies that issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances |
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Term
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Definition
a meeting of 56 delegates in Philadelphia in September 1774; they defended the colonies’
right to run their own affairs |
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Term
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Definition
second convention of colonial delegates (May 1775 – Philadelphia), at which many debates
over independence took place |
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Term
| Declaration of Rights and Grievances |
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Definition
issued by the Stamp Act Congress and stated that Parliament had no power to impose colonial
taxes, because the colonies weren’t represented in Parliament. |
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Term
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Definition
| the events leading up to and including the war that gave America independence from Britain |
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Term
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Definition
| the British were surrounded by American troops after a complicated plan didn’t turn out right |
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Term
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Definition
| American general who helped win the American war for Independence |
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Term
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Definition
| British general who led a complex battle plan at Saratoga |
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Term
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Definition
British general who won multiple battles against Washington and seized the capitol of
Philadelphia |
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Term
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Definition
British general who helped capture Charles Town, South Carolina, but later surrendered to the
French |
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Term
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Definition
French aristocrat who suggested a plan of joint-attacking Cornwallis that led to a victory at
Yorktown |
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Term
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Definition
the battle where Burgoyne lost to Washington due to environmental factors, low supplies, and
poor communications |
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Term
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Definition
the American victory in which they worked with the French to close in on Cornwallis; lasted
about a month |
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Term
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Definition
when a group of Boston rebels disguised themselves as Native Americans and threw the tea
off British ships and into the harbor ( |
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Term
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Definition
47-page essay published anonymously by Thomas Paine, attacking King George and the
monarchy and declaring Americans should fight for Independence |
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Term
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Definition
| victory that encouraged Washington’s troops |
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Term
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Definition
place where the colonists stored their ammunitions; British soldiers came to seize them and
were attacked by the minutemen; turning point that caused colonists to become official
enemies of Britain |
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Term
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Definition
misnamed battle at Breed’s hill where both sides were closely matched until the militiamen ran
out of ammunition on the third assault |
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Term
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Definition
| place where a 15 minute battle took place; loss to the colonists |
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Term
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Definition
battle where British general Morgan expected the outnumbered Americans to flee, but they
fought back and forced the British to surrender |
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Term
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Definition
the French, led by Lafayette, came to America to offer help to the colonists, and helped win
many battles |
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Term
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Definition
treaty signed by British delegates in 1783, confirming U.S. independence and setting
boundaries for it |
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Term
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Definition
four measures that increased citizenship requirements and allowed for punishment for
speaking against the government; established by Adams |
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Term
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Definition
| political party that envisioned a strong central government |
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Term
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Definition
| political party that envisioned strong state governments |
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Term
| Washington’s Farewell Address |
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Definition
urged the United States to “steer clear of permanent alliances” with other nations; he chose
not to run again due to the divisions between political parties |
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Term
| Principal of Nullification |
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Definition
said states had the right to nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress they deemed
unconstitutional |
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Term
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Definition
| war between Britain, France, and the U.S. over threats to American shipping |
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Term
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Definition
purchase of Western lands from Napoleon for $15 million; more than doubled the size of the
U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
Republican who worked against the Alien and Sedition Acts; Secretary of State from 1800-
1804; President who proposed the American System |
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Term
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Definition
won the election of 1796 (President), but lost the election of 1800; vice-president from 1792-
1796 |
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Term
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Definition
lost the vice-presidential election of 1796; tied with Jefferson in the presidential election of
1800, but became Vice President |
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Term
| Bank of the United States |
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Definition
| established by Hamilton; reduced by Jefferson |
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Term
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Definition
radical revolution in France that was initially supported by most Americans; debate broke out
over which side to support, and Washington chose neutrality |
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Term
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Definition
called for electors to cast separate ballots for President and Vice-President; result of the tie
between Jefferson and Burr |
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Term
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Definition
court decision that declared that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, affirming that
the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional |
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Term
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions |
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Definition
resolutions that were written in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts, declaring them
unconstitutional |
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Term
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Definition
when 3 French officials demanded a $250,000 bribe for seeing their foreign minister, causing
anti-French feelings in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
British practice of seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their army; spurred the War
of 1812 |
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Term
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Definition
| peace treaty (1814) that ended the War of 1812 |
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Term
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Definition
| Eli Whitney’s invention that made it possible to grow short-staple cotton for a profit |
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Term
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Definition
| treaty between the U.S. and Spain giving Florida and the Oregon territory to America |
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Term
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Definition
proposed by President Madison to establish a protective tariff, national bank, and
transportation system; supported by Clay and Calhoun |
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Term
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Definition
| name given to Henry Clay because of the frequent compromises he proposed |
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Term
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Definition
| political party formed by Henry Clay that opposed an excessively powerful chief executive |
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Term
| Democratic Republican Party |
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Definition
political party formed by Jacksonians when they withdrew from the Republican party, in
response to Adams winning the Presidency |
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Term
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Definition
Jackson’s system of replacing appointed officials from the previous administration with friends
and loyal Jacksonians |
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Term
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Definition
a series of agreements to resolve the slavery issue:
Maine=free, Missouri=slave, above 30°30’=free, below 30°30’=slave |
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Term
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Definition
Jackson and Adams tied; Jackson won the popular vote but Adams won the presidency, under
the influence of Henry Clay |
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Term
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Definition
| Jackson acted as a “common man” and won the Presidency, and Adams lost |
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Term
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Definition
a project to connect the Hudson River to Lake Erie, or the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes;
greatly improved the American transportation system |
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Term
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Definition
Vice President in 1840; President in 1844; Virginian who opposed Whig economic programs
but was put on the ballot to win Southern votes; His Presidency = “His Accidency” |
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Term
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Definition
“Great Compromiser” who proposed the Missouri Compromise and promoted the American
System; his influence in the House helped Adams win the presidency and he was appointed
Secretary of State (1824) |
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Term
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Definition
proposed interchangeable parts and invented many things, including the Cotton Gin, having a
large impact on the Industrial Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
British immigrant who established the first successful mechanized textile factory in America,
from plans he had memorized |
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Term
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Definition
| partner in a machine-powered factory operation; a larger plant was named after him in 1822 |
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Term
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Definition
belief that national interests and national unity should be placed ahead of regional concerns,
and foreign affairs should be guided by national self-interest |
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Term
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Definition
President Monroe’s statement that all European powers were not to interfere with affairs in the
Western hemisphere, including creating/overthrowing colonies, because it would be dangerous
to our peace and safety |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of Cherokee in 1838, during which harsh conditions caused many to die |
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Term
| South Carolina Exposition |
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Definition
document published by Calhoun expressing his belief that any of the 13 colonies could
determine an act of Congress unconstitutional |
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