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| In 1970 4 students were killed and 9 others wounded by Ohio National Guard during a student anti-war demonstration during the Vietnam War. |
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| Believed all humans had certain natural rights - rights with which they were born. He argued against the absolute rule of one person. Ideas found in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. |
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| A military genius during England's civil war - New Model Army. After destroying both king (executed Charles I) and Parliament, Cromwell set up a military dictatorship. |
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| Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas who did not like the king's strong defense of the Church of England. |
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| Parliamentary forces in England |
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| supporters of the king of England |
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3 laws of motion
universal law of gravitation
wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia) |
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organic evolution
survival of the fittest
natural selection
wrote "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" and "The Descent of Man" |
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June 6, 1944
Allied forces under US general Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the Normandy beaches invading France during World War II, eventually freeing Paris from Nazi rule |
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| The invasion was an unsuccessful attempt by United States-backed Cuban exiles to overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. |
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one of the French Revolution's most important leaders and a radical Jacobin.
supported democracy and male suffrage
Called "The Incorruptible" - integrity |
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Louis XIII's chief minister - strenthened the monarchy
took away the Huguenots political and military rights
set up a network of spies to uncover plots by nobles |
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"to let people do what they want"
the state should leave the economy alone
no restrictions on trade
no support for local businesses
nation's wealth measured by output of goods and services |
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an 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law
God created universe then let it run without His interference |
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17th century French philosopher
"I think, therefore I am"
separation of mind and matter
the Father of Modern Rationalism |
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Otto von Bismarck
the "politics of reality"
politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics |
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| After Napoleon's defeat, the victors (Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) met and redrew the map of Europe to create a balance of power (to ensure peace and stability in Europe) and to strengthen conservatism |
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the most famous philosopher of the later Enlightenment
social contract - an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will
sought balance between heart and mind |
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the Russian word for "ceasar"
an emperor of Russia |
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| a political philosophy that glorifies the state over the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial rule |
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| if the Communists succeed in South Vietnam, other countries in Asia would also fall (like dominoes) to communism |
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| young Japanese pilots who volunteered for suicide missions against U.S. fighting ships at sea |
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| a term used to identify people speaking Indo-European languages; misused by the Nazis as a racial designation |
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| a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment |
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| set up the first European fascist movement in Italy; as prime minister of Italy he created a Fascist dictatorship |
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| "Mein Kampf" or "My Struggle" |
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| written by Hitler while in prison, it gives an account of his movement and its basic ideas - links extreme German nationalism, strong anti-Semitism, and anticommunism together by a Social Darwinian theory of struggle |
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| blitzkrieg or "lightning war" |
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| Hitler's attack on Poland using armored columns, called panzer divisions, supported by airplanes. Quick and effective |
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| an extermination center (death camp)in Poland used by the Nazis to kills Jews in gas chambers, working or starving them to death |
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| the city in France where the Allied forces landed and set-up a beachhead on D-Day in history's greatest naval invasion; marked the beginning of the end of the war |
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| the city in Japan where the first atomic bomb was dropped by the U.S. during World War II, leading to the unconditional surrender by Emperor Hirohito |
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| Houston Stewart Chamberlain |
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| a Briton who became a German citizen and an extreme nationalist; combination of extreme nationalism and racism; believed Germans were descendants of the Aryans and superior and Jews were the enemy |
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| the mass slaughter of European Jews |
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| Communism is a type of government and philosophy. Its goal is to form a society where everything is shared equally and there is little private ownership. In a communist government, the government owns and controls most everything including property, means of production, education, transportation, and agriculture. |
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| a period of tension between the democracies of the Western World and the communist countries of Eastern Europe from 1945-1991. The west was led by the United States and Eastern Europe was led by the Soviet Union. These two countries became known as superpowers. Although the two superpowers never officially declared war on each other, they fought indirectly in proxy wars, the arms race, and the space race. |
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| a civil rights activist in the 1950-1960s; led non-violent protests to fight for the rights of all people; he hoped for a colorblind society where race would not impact a person's civil rights |
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| led the combined British and Prussian army that defeated Napoleon at Waterloo in Belgium |
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| a small island in the south Atlantic where Napoleon was sent in exile after the his defeat at Waterloo until he died |
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| the island where Napoleon was sent into exile after Paris was captured in 1814; he escaped in 1815 and returned to France |
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| where Napoleon suffered a bloody defeat by the Duke of Wellington and the combined British and Prussian army; he was then exiled to St. Helena until he died |
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| the king of France when the monarchy was overthrown during the French Revolution; married to Marie Antoinette; he was guillotined in 1793 |
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| December 7th, 1941, Japanese airplanes made a surprise attack on the US Navy in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, destroying 100's of ships and killing 1000's of soldiers. It was this attack that forced the United States to enter World War II. |
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in the class system in France, it is the First Estate,owned 10 percent of land;
higher clergy-cardinals, bishops, heads of monasteries - from noble families
parish priests - poor commoners |
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| led the Cuban Revolution overthrowing Cuban President Batista in 1959; he then took control of Cuba installing a communist Marxist government; he was the absolute ruler of Cuba from 1959 until 2008 |
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| a leader within the Bolsheviks; after Lenin's death, Stalin took over as sole leader of the Soviet Union; one of the most brutal leaders in world history responsible for the deaths of over 20 million people; joined US and Britain as Allies in WW2 |
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| prime minister of Great Britain for most of WW2; helped lead a successful Allied strategy to defeat the Axis powers; inspired England to keep fighting |
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| In 18th century Great Britain, individuals spun thread and then wove cotton cloth on looms in their rural cottages |
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| "Society of Jesus" founded by Ignatius of Loyola; took special vow of absolute obedience to the pope; used education to spread their message; successful in restoring Catholicism in eastern Europe |
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| believed in the complete separation of church and state; believed in adult baptism instead of infant baptism like Catholics; believed all believers to be equal; refused to kill; considered dangerous radicals |
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| the unique cultural identity of people based on common language, religion, and national symbols |
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| the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate) |
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| the language of everyday speech in a particular region, such as Spanish, French, English, or German |
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| an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing |
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| the leader of Germany from 1933-1945; leader of the Nazi party and powerful dictator; started World War II by invading Poland and then many other European countries; wanted to exterminate the Jewish people in the Holocaust. |
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| anti-Communist crusade in U.S.; "Red Scare"; charged that 100s of supposed Communists were in high US government positions |
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| During World War II when the Nazis would take over a city in Europe they would force all of the Jewish people into one area of town. This area was called a ghetto and was fenced in with barbed wire and guarded. There was little food, water, or medicine available. It was also very crowded with multiple families sometimes sharing a single room to live in. |
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| the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution; to insure certain freedoms and rights to the citizens of America; it put limits on what the government could do and control; freedoms protected include freedom of religion, speech, assembly, the right to bear arms, unreasonable search and seizure of your home, the right to a speedy trial, and more. |
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| leader of the Soviet Union during the Cold War; provoked the Cuban Missile Crisis; oversaw the building of the Berlin Wall |
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| president of US during Cold War; youngest elected president in US history; ordered the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba; Cuban Missile Crisis - Soviet nuclear bombs in secret missile bases; assassintaed in 1963 |
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| became president after Kennedy was assassinated; The Civil Rights Act of 1964 helped to end segregation; The Voting Rights Act; Vietnam War |
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| the US, Britain and the Allies defeated Hitler and Germany was divided into two countries; East Germany and West Germany. East Germany was a communist state under control of the Soviet Union, while West Germany was a free market state. The Berlin Wall was built between the two countries to prevent people from escaping from East Germany to the West. |
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| "the father of capitalism"; drew up the laissez-faire doctrine of government; believed the state should not interfere in economic matters |
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| strict conformity to Catholicism; strong monarchial authority; "the most Catholic King"; failed attempt to invade England and overthrow Protestantism |
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| the palace was home to the kings of France 1682-1790; symbol of Louis XIV's absolute rule; chief offices of the state located here |
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| a peace settlement with Germany after WW1; declared Germany and Austria responsible for starting the war; ordered Germany to pay reparations to Allied governments; Germany had to give Alsace & Lorraine back to France; reduced German army |
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