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| the study of matter and the changes it goes through. |
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| property does not depend on amount of substance (boiling point, magnetic, color) |
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| property that does depend on amount of substance (mass, volume) |
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| property observed without changing the identity of substance |
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| properties observed as a chemical change occurs. |
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new substance forms
Reactants ------> Products |
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| Law of Conservation of Mass/Matter |
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| matter cannot be created nor destroyed through ordinary chemical reactions. |
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| no new substance forms in the change |
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| 2 or more elements chemically bonded. |
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| liquid --> gas (surface only) |
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| liquid --> gas (throughout the solution) |
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| substance with a fixed composition and same properties throughout. |
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| physical combination of substances. |
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| smallest partical of an element that retains the properties of it. |
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| smallest partical of a compound that retains the properties of it. |
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| a mixture with different properties throughout. |
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| a mixture with the same properties throughout. |
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| Columns on the Periodic Table |
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Vertical (family, group)
IA - VIIIA : # of valence electrons (outer shell)
& have similar chemical properties. |
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| Rows on the Periodic Table |
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horozontal (periods)
1 - 7 : not chemically similar.
but there are trends across. |
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good conductors
malleable
ductile
luster |
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poor conductors
insulators
dull
brittle |
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energy is released
g -> l -> s |
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energy is absorbed
s -> l -> g |
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n - # of shells
- row
- n=1-7 |
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Azimuthal #
Angular Momentum |
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l - sub level
s=0
p=1
d=2
f=3 |
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m-orientation in space
m=1 _ _ _
m=2 _ _ _ _ _
m=3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation |
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| all forms of energy traveling through space as a wave. |
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| gamma x-rays UV Visible Light (VIBGYOR) Infared Microwave Radio |
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| distance from crest to crest |
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| # of waves to pass a point in one second (1/sec, Hertz[Hz]) |
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| electrons fill regions of lowest energy first |
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| each equal orbital recieves one e- before any recieve 2 |
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| Pauli Exclusion Principle |
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electrons in the same orbital will have opposite spin
e- will not hae the same 4 quantum #s |
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Ability to attract e-
Increases as it gets closers to F |
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Nonpolar covalent
electronegativity |
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Polar covalent
Electronegativity |
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| anything greater than or equal to 1.7 |
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Energy needed to remove an e-
Increases the closer it gets to F |
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| Increases the farther it gets from F |
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Loss of e- : oxidation
Gain of e- : reduction |
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E is energy
h is plank's constant 6.626x10^-34 Jsec
V is frequency |
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C is speed of light 3.00x10^8 m/s
¥ is wavelength
V is frequency |
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| One switches (activity series) |
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| 2 switch (water, precipitate) |
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| + O2 and creates CO2 and H2O |
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