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| From the Greek for "Old Stone," the early period of human history, from approximately 2,500,000 to 10,000 B.C., during which humans used simple stone tools |
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| A person who moves from place to place |
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| The shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis that occurred around 8,000B.C. |
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| The way of life a people follows |
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| A complex culture in which large numbers of people share a number of common elements such as social structure, religion, and art. |
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| Government by a sovereign ruler such as a king or queen |
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| An administrative organization that relies on nonelective officials and regular procedures |
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| A large political unit, usually under a single leader, that controls many people or territories |
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| Government by diving authority |
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| Monotheistic religion developed among the Israelites |
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| (in Judaism) the law of God as revealed to Moses and recorded in the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures (the Pentateuch). |
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| a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of God. |
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| The major Indian religious system, which had its origins in the religious beliefs of the Aryans who settled India after 5,000 B.C. |
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| A religious doctrine introduced in northern India in the sixth centureyB.C. by Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, or "Enlightened One" |
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| One of the five major divisions of Indian classes in ancient times: Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, Sudras, and Untouchables |
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| A route between the Roman Empire and China, so called because silk was China's most valuable product |
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| The duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family, a concept important in Confucianism |
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| Claim by Chinese kings of the Zhou dynasty that they had direct authority from heaven to rule and to keep order in the universe |
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| A family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family |
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| The system of political and ethical ideas formulated by the Chinese philosopher Confucius toward the end of the Zhou dynasty; it was intended to help restore order to a society that was in a state of confusion |
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| A long poem that tells the deeds of a great hero, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer |
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| "The rule of the few," a form of government in which a small group of people exercises controls. |
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| A wall of shields created by foot soldiers marching close together in a rectangular formation |
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| A system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings |
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| An organized system of thought, from the Greek for "love of wisdom" |
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| The method of teaching used by the Greek philosopher Socrates, it employs a question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason |
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| the national character or culture of Greece, esp. ancient Greece. |
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| Great landowners, they formed the ruling class in the Roman Republic |
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| A form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote |
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| A government by three people with equal power |
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| A rapid increase in prices |
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| The second part of the Christian Bible, it provides a record of Jesus' life and teachings |
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| In the Roman Republic, a select group of about 300 patricians who served for life; originally formed to advise government officials, it came to have the force of law by the third century B.C. |
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| "The way of the warrior," the strict code by which Japanese samurai were supposed to live |
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| "general," a powerful military leader in Japan |
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| In China, a group of people who controlled much of the land and produced most of the candidates for the civil service |
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| The practice of growing just enough crops for personal use, not for sale |
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| A gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride's parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife |
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| tracing lineage through the mother rather than the father |
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| tracing lineage through the father |
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| "The Sacred Way" or "The Way of the Gods," the Japanese state religion; among its doctrines are the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation |
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| A sect of Buddhism that became popular with Japanese aristocrats and became part of the samurai's code of behavior |
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| political and social system that developed during the middle ages, when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects |
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| a uniform system of law that developed in England based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes |
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| An unbeliever, a term applied to the Muslims during the Crusades |
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| A man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots |
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| The bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| officially exclude from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church. |
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| An economic system based on money rather than barter |
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| any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th–11th centuries. |
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| A person sent out to carry a religious message |
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| In the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold |
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| The "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was force to sign by the English nobles at Runnymeade in 1215 |
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| The separation between the two great branches of Christianity that occurred when the Roman Pope Leo IX and the Byzantine patriarch Micheal Cerularious excommunicated each other in 1054 |
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| Military expedition carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims |
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| the most common form of plague in humans, characterized by fever, delirium, and the formation of buboes. |
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| Bones or other objects connected with saints; considered worthy of worship |
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| The study of religion and God |
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| The denial of basic church doctrines |
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| The language of everyday speech in a particular region |
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| In medieval Europe, a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lord's control |
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| A business association associated with a particular trade or craft; guilds evolved in the twelfth century and came to play a leading role in the economic life of medieval cities |
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| A court established by the Catholic Church in 1232 to discover and try heretics; also called the Holy Office |
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| of or in the style of architecture prevalent in western Europe in the 12th–16th centuries, characterized by pointed arches, rib vaults, and flying buttresses, together with large windows and elaborate tracery. |
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| Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews |
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| A Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam |
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| A Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam |
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| The holy scriptures of the religion of Islam |
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| The ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders |
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| Monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century A.D. |
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| A successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporary leader |
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| A Muslim house of worship |
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| A pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam |
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| A law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives |
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| A covered market in Islamic cities |
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| "Struggle in the way of God" |
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| The name used for areas of Mexico and Central America that were civilized before the arrival of the Spanish |
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| Goods or money paid by conquered people to their conquerors |
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| A Spanish Conqueror of the Americas |
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| A pattern of trade the connected Europe, Africa, and Asia, and the American continents; typically, manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa where they were exchanged for slaves, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe |
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| A set of principles that dominated economic though in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver |
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| A large agricultural estate |
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| A system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life |
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| A painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints |
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| A soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder |
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| An intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history |
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| A movement that developed in Northern Europe during the Renaissance combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church |
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| A release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death |
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| The state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works |
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| the theses of Luther against the sale of indulgences in the Roman Catholic Church, posted by him on the door of a church in Wittenberg, October 31, 1517. |
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| The belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate) |
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| the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world |
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| The belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God |
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| A political system in which a ruler holds total power |
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| Russian for "caesar," the the title used by Russian emperors |
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| Rights with which all humans are supposedly born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property |
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| "Holder of power," the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans |
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| "Sacred Place," the private domain of an Ottoman sultan, where he and his wives resided |
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| The Ottoman sultan's chief minister, who led the meetings of the imperial council |
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| Political disorder; lawlessness |
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| "Great names," heads of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estate and relied on Samurai for protection |
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| Rights with which all humans are supposedly born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property |
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| The concept proposed by Rousseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community |
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| Political disorder; lawlessness |
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| Literally, earth-centered; a system of planetary motion that places Earth at the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and other planets revolving around it(: |
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| Literally, sun-centered; the system of the universe proposed in 1543 by Nicholas Copernicus, who argued that the Earth and planets revolve around the sun |
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| A system of though expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge |
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| A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world |
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| The doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles |
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| Literally, "let people do what they want," the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone |
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| A form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances |
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| A system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers |
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| A form of government in which power is shared between the national government and state governments |
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| a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system. |
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| One of the three classes in which French society was divided before the revolution: The clergy, the nobles, and the townspeople |
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| The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people |
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| A sudden overthrow of the government |
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| The use of unexpected maneuvers like sabotage and subterfuge to fight an enemy |
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| The unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols |
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