Term
|
Definition
| The term _______ indicates a condition in which both of the nonidentical alleles are expressed in a heterozygous individual; that is, neither is dominant or recessive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If genes are on the same chromosome (and of course many are) these genes form what we call a ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If the genes for flower color and plant height sort out independently of one another, we can conclude they are on ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the F2 generation of the dihybrid cross above, what "new" phenotypes showed up that were not in the parents or first offspring? |
|
|
Term
| 1 in every 800 - 1000 births |
|
Definition
| How frequent is Down Syndrome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is easier to see the offspring by using a _______ square. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For pea plants what flower color is dominant? Which is recessive? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dihybrid experiments keep track of how many traits at one time? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genes on one chromosome should sort ________ of genes on other chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mendel's Law of Segregation says that when gametes are formed, only ________ of any gene pair can end up in any one gamete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All of F1 offspring were heterozygous, that is, each plant cell had one _________ gene and one ________ gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the only genotype that will produce a white-flowered plant? |
|
|
Term
| dominant determines phenotype |
|
Definition
| But why were the F1 offspring purple? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If an F1 plant is bred with another F1 plant (Pp x Pp), what will be the ratio of purple to white plants in the F2? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood type is therefore controlled by a _________ allele system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ____________ experiment keeps track of only one trait, say flower color, at a time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the type of experiment that you could perform to determine if a purple-flowered plant has a genotype that is homozygous dominant or heterozygous? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In human blood, the A and B genes code for different forms of a carbohydrate on red blood cells, what does the O gene do? |
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|
Term
Pp, Tt
purple flowers, tall stems |
|
Definition
| If a pure-bred tall, purple-flowered plant is crossed with a pure-bred short, white-flowered plant, what will be the genotype of the F1 offspring? What will be the pheotype of the same offspring? |
|
|
Term
| mass extinction occured because of crater impact |
|
Definition
| What happened on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico about 65 million years ago? |
|
|
Term
| chain of life, complete and continuous |
|
Definition
| Describe the concept of "The Great Chain of Being" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give the approximate years of Mendel's work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The "new" phenotypes referred to above showed that the genes for flower color and stem height can assort (move) ____________ of each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In human blood type, the A gene is dominant to O, and the B gene is also dominant to O. What is the term used to describe the blood type of a person who inherited both an A and a B? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many genes are there in the entire human population that govern the ABO of blood type? |
|
|
Term
not health threatening
medically significant |
|
Definition
| What is the difference between a genetic abnormality and a genetic disorder? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give 1 example of a genetic abnormality and 1 example of a genetic disorder? |
|
|
Term
| repeats of sequences often |
|
Definition
| What is "defective" about the DNA in the gene that causes Huntington's? |
|
|
Term
| symptoms don't start until after 30 typically |
|
Definition
| Huntington's disease is also autosomal dominant but what is unusual about the onset of symptoms? |
|
|
Term
| recessive, allele on autosome |
|
Definition
| Achondroplasia (dwarfism) is a disorder caused by a ____________ allele on an ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fur color in labrador retriever dogs is a case of _________. In which there are 2 interacting gene pairs: 1 for making the pigment and another for deposition in the hairs. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| If 1 parent is heterozygous and the other homozygous recessive, what percent of their children could be affected? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A _________ gene is one that influences multiple traits, as cystic fibrosis which affects the lungs, intestine, and sperm production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Albanism and Tay-Sach's are both conditions caused by a mutation on an autosome but is inherited in a ________ pattern. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| When a red snapdragon is mated with a white snapdragon, the offspring are pink. Is this blending? Why or why not? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pink snapdragons are an example of ____________ dominance because the red cannot completely mask the effects of the white. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the results of a cross between 2 pink snapdragon plants? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a trait is expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous individuals, then it is a __________ pattern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give 2 examples of continuous variation in human phenotypes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When we diagram the heights of a population of humans, the graph is a ________ curve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chart depicting the inheritance patterns of humans is called a ________. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| If chromosomes do not separate correctly during anaphase, then the resulting gametes could contain one _______ or one _______ chromosome than normal. |
|
|
Term
| can grow up but can't reproduce |
|
Definition
| Can a Turner child grow up, reproduce, and pass on the condition? |
|
|
Term
| base-paired sticky ends can be covalently bonded together with the enzyme DNA ligase |
|
Definition
| When manipulating DNA, what does "cut and paste" mean? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What organism did Mendel use to perform his experiments? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _________ are small circles of DNA in a bacteria that can be used by researchers to carry gene fragments into a cell. |
|
|
Term
| fingerprinting OR profiling |
|
Definition
| Short tandem repeats (sections of DNA) can be used to solve kinship disputes and its use in police work is often called DNA _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the frequency of Klinefelter's? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ________ of a portion of a chromosome (such as that in cri-du-chat disorder) causes serious problems and usually death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the name of the long, expensive undertaking to map out the locations of all the human genes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More than 100 years ago, people explained inheritance as a __________ of parental traits, like milk in coffee. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When crossing over (prophase I) occurs unequally and one chromosome gets extra DNA sequences, it is called ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Even though the flower of the pea plant is equipped for _____________ fertilizing, Mendel modified the flowers so he could cross-pollinate the plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____________ was the Austrian monk who performed experiments in his garden to disprove the blending idea of inheritance. |
|
|
Term
| single-nucleotide polymorphism |
|
Definition
| The differences between humans (genotype and phenotype) are due to SNPs. What are these? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of ____________ engineering has been used to allow bacteria to produce human insulin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What does the similarity of chromosome structure say about the relationship between humans and chimpanzees? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identifying a particular individual by his or her DNA is called _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To suffer from Tay-Sacs disease, a child must inherit how many recessive alleles? |
|
|
Term
| all offspring have the same form of the trait as the parent |
|
Definition
| If an organism, say pea plant, "breeds true" what does this mean? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the name of the molecular "scissors" that can cut DNA at specific nucleotide base sequences? |
|
|
Term
| analyze customers chromosomes for SNPs |
|
Definition
| For what use is the SNP-chip, or GeneChip? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What unnecessary portions of the DNA and first transcript have been snipped out by the time the final mRNA transcript is formed? |
|
|
Term
| lab methods that uses living cells to mass-produce specific DNA fragments |
|
Definition
| What is the purpose of DNA cloning? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to their thinking, the mating of a black horse to a white horse should produce a ____________ colored horse; but it always doesn't. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasmid are a type of __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A entire set of genetic material from an organism is called its ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| X-linked inherited disorders are more common in ____________ than in ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After a staggered cut by a restriction enzyme the DNA fragments display tails called "____________". |
|
|
Term
| 2 recessive genes leads to lack of pigment |
|
Definition
| Exactly what causes albinism? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a human gamete has one extra chromosome, it will contain a total of ______ chromosomes; conversely, one fewer chromosome will give it a total of ______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Like identifying the order of words in a sentence or letters in a word, the process of _____________ can be used to determine the sequence of bases in the genes along a chromosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The carriers for the albinism gene have a ____% chance of producing more carrier children for the next generation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the sex chromosome makeup of a male with Klinefelter's syndrome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are there any serious consequences to a female in having an extra X, that is, XXY? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| About what percent of your DNA is exactly the same as the stranger sitting beside you? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a condition known as ______ syndrome, the affected child has an extra chromosome #21, hence this condition is also known as ____________ 21. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some day it may be quite common to correct defective genes by the use of ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of cells containing different fragments of genomic and cDNA is called ____________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the name for a newly-formed molecule of DNA that is in reality a combination of DNA from 2 (or more) unrelated organisms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If 2 parents are carriers (heterozygous) for the albinism gene, there is a _____% chance that a child could be an albino. |
|
|
Term
| red-green color blindness, hemophila A |
|
Definition
| Give 2 examples of X-linked inheritance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are 2 more ways that chromosome structure can be altered, with adverse effects? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the name given to the abnormal event of chromosomes not separating correctly during anaphase? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In what year was the sequence of the human genome project finally completed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the total quantity of chromosomes in a down syndrome child? |
|
|
Term
| study of patterns in the geographic distribution of species and communities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reverse transcriptase can be used to copy mRNA to form a highly "edited" DNA called _________ DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A radioactive ____________ is used to locate a particular section of DNA sequences in a gene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Once inside a host bacterium, the plasmid and the DNA it is carrying, will be multiplied by the bacterium to produce many identical copies called ____________. |
|
|
Term
PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction) |
|
Definition
| Suppose crime lab personnel want to increase the quantity of some DNA in blood left at a murder scene so that they can identify the suspect who left it behind. What lab method would they use? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the major cause of spontaneous abortions (miscarriages)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _______________ refers to the alleles an individual carries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term for individual with identical genes for a trait. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An allele is called _________ when it masks the effect of the _____ allele. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the molecule of heredity identified in 1950s? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are alternative forms of the same gene? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ________ type refers to an individuals observable traits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the sex chromosome makeup of a male with Klinefelter's syndrome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mendel called DNA "units"; we call them ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When Mendel crossed pure-bred purple flowered peas (PP) with pure-bred white flowered plants (pp), what color of flowers showed in the F1 offspring? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term for individual who has 2 nonidentical alleles for a trait. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Birds from Australia, South America, and Africa share similarities. Alfred Wallace believed this was so because they shared what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AA is _____________zygous and ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Name the man who turned from theology to naturalist and sailed around the world on the Beagle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| During Darwin's time, and even today in some circles, the age of the Earth was estimated to be about _______ years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who was the scientist that believed that the Earth had suffered a series of catastrophes that caused extinctions and re-populations? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reading a book on geology by Charles Lyell, Darwin was convinced that the Earth was shaped by the forces of _________, not catastrophism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The discovery of fossils of animals that are no longer living on Earth means that the "perfect" animals have become ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the word that scientists use to describe "change in the line of descent" of organisms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The evidence from biogeography, comparative morphology, and fossils suggested that species have ________ over the vast periods of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "The study of body plans and structures among groups of organisms" is called ____________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For a PP plant, we would symbolize the gametes as ________. |
|
|
Term
| remains or traces of an organism that lived in the ancient life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Who was the scientist who believed that species gradually improved over generations because of an inherent drive toward perfection, up the chain of being? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A permanent change in DNA; leads to variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the gametes were formed in the parent plants, how many genes for flower color was in each egg or sperm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aa is _____zygous and _______. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms produce offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All organisms are slightly different from their relatives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___________ describes the process leading to the differential survival and reproduction of individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trait that enhances an individuals fitness is called an __________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True of False!
Worldwide explorations found more and more animals that did not fit easily into the chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fossilization is a ________ process that is more likely to preserve _________ body parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the layering of fossils in rock, the _______ fossils are found in the deepest layers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radioactive forms of elements are used to establish the approximate ___________ of fossils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed many different types of finches whose variations gave them different abilities to _________ when competing for food, shelter, etc. |
|
|
Term
| chronology of Earth's history |
|
Definition
| Describe in simple terms the geologic time scale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New lines of descent, and eventually, new species may arise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All individuals will compete for limited resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not all individuals will survive and go on to reproduce. |
|
|
Term
| Darwin, On the Origin of Species |
|
Definition
| Together Alfred Wallace and Darwin came up with the idea of natural selection; but it was ________ who published a book entitled _____________ and became more recognized for his work. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How would you respond to this question: "What could explain how 2 species that are distant relatives living on different continents end up looking so much alike"? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True or False!
Darwin would belive that modern armadillos descended from glyptodons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is evidence that the Earth's continents were once part of a supercontinent called ________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of the continents is based on the concept of ___________. |
|
|
Term
| together similiar, apart more diverse |
|
Definition
| The moving together and apart of the continents has what effect on living plants and animals? |
|
|
Term
| all populations, not just human ones, must have the capacity to produce more individuals than their environment can support |
|
Definition
| What ideas did Darwin learn from the writings of Thomas Malthus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True or False!
The "kinds" of organisms (represented as links) in the chain were considered capable of change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similarities of body parts are an indication of shared ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Would the geologic time scale be more indicative of microevolution or macroevolution? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar body parts may look homologous but are not derived from a common ancestry; insect wings and bat wings are analogous structures that are examples of morphological ____________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar body parts that evolved in a common ancestor are called ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The changes in the forelimbs of vertebrates (pterosaur to elephant) from that of a common ancestor (stem reptile) is a macroevolutionary pattern called morphological ____________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "A group of individuals that are all of the same species" defines a _________. |
|
|
Term
| human evolution involved changes that slowed the rate of development |
|
Definition
| What does the comparison of skulls reveal about possible relationships? |
|
|
Term
| differences in the onset, rate, or completion of early steps in development |
|
Definition
| What could explain why all vertebrates, as different as mouse and human, go through the same stages of embryonic development but end up looking quite different as adults? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Given that you are not an expert, can you tell easily the difference between the skull of an infant chimp and the skull of an infant human? Explain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Even though the individuals in a population have nearly the same genes, there is ___________ from individual to individual because the alleles are slightly different |
|
|
Term
| yes, human has rounder braincase, flatter face, and less protruding jaw |
|
Definition
| What about telling the difference between the skull of an adult chimp and adult human? |
|
|
Term
| average mutation rate of a species |
|
Definition
| We cannot predict when a homicide will occur; however, we can calculate the homicide rate for a particular population; similary, we cannot predict when a mutation will occur, but we can calculate the _____________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural selection means that some individuals will ______________ and go on to ___________; others will not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a population is not evolving, it is in genetic __________; but when allele frequencies change, we say that __________ evolution is occuring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The only source of new alleles is _____________; all other events just shuffle the genes already present. |
|
|
Term
| structural, functional, behavioral |
|
Definition
| Mutations can be of what three kinds? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The allele __________ refers not to the kinds of alleles that are present in a population, but to the abundance of a particular gene among the individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do the 5 conditions that are needed to meet for evolution to not occur ever hold true in the natural world? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____________ selection is the name given to the type of nonrandom mating in which one sex (usually female) is more successful in attracting mates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All of the genes of all of the individuals in a population comprise the _____________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In balanced polymorphism, the environmental conditions favor the ________ in a population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Africa, human populations with the highest frequency of the Hbs gene (sickle cell) also have the highest incidence of what disease? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the genotype of Africans that are most likely to survive malaria? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In small populations, genetic drift can lead to loss of genetic _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____________ is the movement of genes into, and out of, a population; the overall effect is to make the population less diverse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a hurricane results in a drastic reduction of population size, this is a special instance of genetic drift called a _________. |
|
|
Term
| construction, distance, water |
|
Definition
| Give some examples of geographic barriers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describe an example of the founder effect from Pennsylvania. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Over time, if one phenotypic form of butterfly becomes more common, and another quite different form becomes less so, we call this ___________ selection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ______________ is the random (chance) change in gene frequencies over periods of time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recall the definition of a species: "Individuals that can _________ to produce, living fertile offspring, and do not interbreed with other groups". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reproductive cells meet, but no union. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals live in different habitats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process called ___________ has occured when gene flow between individuals ceases and the individuals can no longer successfully interbreed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the type of selection in which the intermediate form is favored and the extremes are not? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cues leading to mating are ignored. |
|
|
Term
| different amounts of chromosomes |
|
Definition
| A female horse and a male donkey can mate and even produce a living offspring called a mule, but they are not designated as the same species. Why not? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physical incompatibilites prevent mating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individuals reproduce at different times. |
|
|
Term
| irrevocably lost from Earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| change in allele frequencies within a single species or population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name for evolutionary patterns on a large scale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The exact composition of the atmosphere on the early Earth is debatable, but there is agreement that _____________ gas was not present. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At the conclusion of Stanley Millers experiment, what organic compounds were present in the flask? |
|
|
Term
| burst of genetic divergences from a lineage gives rise to many new species |
|
Definition
| What is adaptive radiation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the name given to the result of two species becoming so interdependent that they can no longer survive without each other? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The earliest cells on Earth were most like what cells on the present-day Earth? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contrary to today where RNA function follows DNA, in the ancient ______ world, RNA both stored genetic information and functioned as enzymes which we call ______________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the most critical events on the road to formation of cells was the formation of a cell membrane to seperate the inside from outside; these early "inventions" were ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One hypothesis for origin of living things says they may have occured at heated undersea openings called _________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formerly, we grouped organisms mostly on the basis of their similarity; a more recent approach is to group them on the basis of their shared characteristics (perceived evolution); this method is called ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By the proces of endosymbiosis, what present day cell organelle is probably the result of the invasion of a eukaryote by an aerobic bacterium? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most common way that may lead to speciation is by physical separation between populations; this is called ___________ speciation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What revolutionizing effect did cyanobacteria have on the conditions of the early Earth? |
|
|
Term
| can't find them anywhere else |
|
Definition
| What is so unusual about species on the Hawaiian Islands? |
|
|
Term
| universe began in a single instant; all existing matter and energy suddenly appeared and exploded outward from a single point |
|
Definition
| What happened at the big bang? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___________ is the evolutionary history of a species or group. |
|
|
