Term
| Terrigenous Clastic Sediment |
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Definition
| Sediment derived from the physical breakdown of pre-existing rocks typically from land. |
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| Those derived from the physical breakdown of pre-existing rocks |
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| Sediments derived from the skeletons o organisms also known as organic sediments |
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| Sediments derived from precipitation of minerals directly from water. also known as Hydrogenous sediment. |
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| formed from the precipitation of salts out of evaporating water. |
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| sediment composed of the fragments of silicate minerals and rocks |
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| sediment that contains minerasl with the carbonate ion, such as calcite. Typically calcareous oozes and lime mud. |
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| sediment derived from volcanic eruptions or from the breakdown of volcanic rocks |
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| size shape and arrangement of the grains that make up sediment and sedimentary rocks. |
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| the amount of smoothing a grain has undergone during transport as it bounces off of other grains. |
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| the distribution of clast sizes |
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| The source of a sediment. The place where a sediment was derived. |
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| sands and sandstones that contain stable to unstable grains similar provenance. |
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| sands that are composed of only stable grains (typically only quartz) |
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| largest grains in sediment |
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| finer grains between the framework grains |
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| two primary grain sizes in a sediment |
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| multiple grain sizes in a sediment |
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| The orientation of arrangement of grains in a sediment layer and how the grains are packed. |
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| the stacking of elongate grains in a deposit with either the long axes or the intermediate axis inclined toward the upcurrent side. |
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| the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks at or near the Earths surface. |
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| the physical breakdown of rocks into smaller and smaller pieces. (Physical Weathering) |
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| the chemical trans-formation of rock into one or more new compounds. |
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| the release of confining pressures are when rocks formed deep within the Earth are uplifted and exposed at the surface. |
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Definition
| when rocks under confining pressure are uplifted and then exposed to surface pressures they split along cracks parallel to the ground surface. |
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| the splitting of rocks at the earths surface into large sheets parallel to the ground surface. |
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| water charged with ions get into cracks in rocks. As the water evaporates salts are left behind. The growth of these salt crystals can split rocks apart. |
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| water enters a crack of a rock where it freezes and splits the rock |
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| addition of water to a mineral |
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| reaction of a mineral to a combination of water and n acid. |
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| negatively charged ions (pick up an electron) |
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| positively charged ions (loose and electron) |
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| when an atom or ion looses an electron. Named for oxygen that readily gains an electron oxidizing mineral. |
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Definition
| when an atom or ion gains and electron. The oxygen becomes reducing during oxidation. |
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| silicate minerals where the silica tetrahedral are arranged into sheets. |
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| sheets of aluminum surrounded by O2 and OH ions forming octohedrons. |
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| those with a single silica tetrahedra layer and a single octohedral layer |
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| those with a single octohedral layer sandwiched between 2 layers of silica tetrahedra. |
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| three layer clays that have calcium and sodium in the interlayers and will allow water to enter between the layers. Also known as swelling clays. |
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| green clay rich in iron and potassium. |
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| small granules and pebbles of feldspar and quartz derived from the breakdown of granite. |
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| sediment and rocks that are composed of minerals with the carbonate ion. |
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| CaCO3 with rhombohedron crystals |
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| CaCO3 with orthorhombic crystals |
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| CaMg(CO3)2 with rhombohedron crystals |
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| FeCO3 typically in dark brown globular masses. |
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| <4% Mg substituting for Ca in calcite |
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| 11%-19% Mg substituting for Ca in calcite |
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| a term for carbonate grains that are formed from the precipitation of carbonates withing water. |
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| a small sand-sized spherical grain of carbonate that surrounds an even smaller particle of sand or shell. |
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| modifier for a sand or rock that contain ooids. |
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| gravel sized ooids that typically are spherical |
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| large concentrically layered carbonate masses that have irregular forms. |
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| sand sized rounded masses of lime mud |
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| the fragments of shells and other carbonate skeletal materials. |
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| Carbonate fragments that have been partly lithified and then broken up and reworked to form a gravel sized clast within carbonate sediment. |
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| Intraformational conglomerate |
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Definition
| a conglomerate that has clasts that are derived from the same sediment that makes up a stratigraphic unit. |
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| a microcrystalline carbonate typically calcite. Micrite refers to the lime mud matric of a calcarenite or a rock that is composed of entirely of microcrystalline carbonate. |
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| coarse crystalline carbonate formed from the recrystallization of micrite. |
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| modifier of a carbonate that means the crystals are coarse-crystalline. |
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| a carbonate rock composed of coarsely- crystalline calcite or dolomites |
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| made of carbonate fragments that are gravel sized |
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| made of carbonate fragments that are sand-sized |
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| made of carbonate fragments that are mud-sized= the rock micrite |
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| carbonate rock composed of calcite.CaCO3 |
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| carbonate rock composed of dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2 |
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| nodular masses of siderite that may or may not show internal concentric layering. |
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| sedimentary rocks with the framework grains primarily gravel >30% gravel clasts |
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| sedimentary rocks composed primarily of sand >50% mud |
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| sedimentary rocks composed primarily of mud (silt and clays) |
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| rudites with very angular to angular gravel clasts |
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| sedimentary equivalent of a breccia |
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| rudites with rounded gravel clasts |
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| a very poorly sorted matrix supported rudite with little or no bedding |
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| a conglomerate that is gravel clast supported |
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| a conglomerate with matrix supported gravel framework clasts. |
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| rudites that have >90% of a single composition of gravel |
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| rudites that have a mixture of 2-3 kinds of gravel by composition typically with >50% one kind of gravel composition. |
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| rudites that have a mixture of many kinds of gravel by composition |
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| sandstone with <15% mud & <30% gravel. |
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| sandstones with between 15% &75% mud and <30% gravel. |
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| a combination of silt and clay particles |
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| rock weathers or breaks into blocks with more-or-less equant (equal sized) sides. |
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| rock weathers and breaks into plates typically irregular disks. |
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| mudrocks that have thin internal lamination or break into thin plates or very thin sheets . |
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| the fracturing of rocks into very thin sheets that are often paper-like. |
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| sedimentary rocks derived from the precipitation of minerals from evaporationg water. |
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| a closed basin lake that is salty |
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Definition
| an atom or compound that has an unbalanced electrical charge |
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| typically structureless layers or nodules of fine coarse to crystalline gypsum. |
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| fine crystalline rock gypsum typically nodular |
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| a thick sequence of evaporates of Permina age in southeast New Mexico and west Texas. It is famous for its banded gypsum beds and potash salts. |
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| layering caused by sedimentation during seasonal variations in sediments influx |
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| an evaporites depositional environment, typically in restricted lagoons along arid coasts |
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| large crystals of gypsum typically formed by groundwater replacement of carbonate ions with sulfide ions. |
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| cubic or hopper-shapped masses reflecting the original presence of halite crystals. |
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| the deposits of huge lakes in northwest Colorado, northeast Utah and southwest Wyoming during the early Eocene. It contains abundant oil shale and sodium carbonate evaporate minerals. |
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| NaHCO3 sodium bicarbonate , common in the green river formation of Colorado. |
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| Na2CO3-NaHCO3-2H2O- Hydrated sodium carbonate/bicarbonate, common in the Green River Formation of Wyoming. |
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| commercial name for nahcolite and trona |
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| the chemical and physical alterations of sediments that occur after burial |
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| transformation of sediment into rock |
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| the decrease of pore space between grains by the tighter packing of grains |
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Definition
| the decrease of pore space between grains by the precipitation of minerals in the pores |
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| rock constituents that are formed in place and are not transported to that place. |
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| quartz cement that grows from the crystalline structure of quartz grains. |
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| cement that engulfs clastic grains of a rock within a single much larger cement crystal. |
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Definition
1) irregular mass of well cemented materials within a sedimentary rock
2) a mass of mineral material that has replaced the original rock material.
3) a well cemented mass with no internal banding |
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Definition
1) a rounded or disoidal mass of well cemented material within a sedimentary rock.
2) mineral precipitation aroung some kind of nucleus
3) a well cemented mass with concentric bands of materials. |
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| any feature within a sedimentary rock |
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| those that formed at the time of sediment deposition |
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| those that formed at the time of sediment deposition and burial |
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| sediment is originally deposited in horizonatl layers |
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| original lateral continuity |
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| sediment is deposited over a wide area and ends at the sides of the depositional basin or where the sediment thins to O. |
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| any single layer of sediment of any thickness |
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| any layer that is >1cm thick |
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| layers with no apparent internal lamination of bedding |
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| churning of sediment by animal and plant activity |
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| coarse material at the bottom and fine material at the top |
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| fine materials at the base and coarse materials at the top |
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| where the sediment is so abundant the materials are buoyed up by sediment grains, not suspended in the fluid. |
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| a three dimensional sediment feature on the bottom of a flowing fluid |
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| small waves develope on the surface of a sediment layer. ripples typically have heights less than 1 cm and wavelength rarely more than 10cm. |
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| larger waves of sediment that progress down current as sediment avalanches down the crest of the dune. Large wave of sediment, typically with wave heights >10cm and wavelength >50cm. |
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| flat horizontal beds with sediment streaks on the top surface (parting lineation or current lineation) |
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| dunes forms that build on the up-current side of the wave |
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| height between the base of the trough and the top of crest |
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| the length between two crests or the length between two troughs |
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| ripples in which the two sides of the crest have the same angle. Also known as oscillation ripples. |
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| the stoss side (upcurrent side) of the crest has a gentle slope, while the lee side (downcurrent side) is steep. Also known as current ripples. |
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| inclined stratification where the entire set is <1cm thick (or is within a very thin bed <3cm thick). |
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| where there is net aggradation of sediment a single ripple will climb on the stoss side of the previous ripple |
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| features that form or occur under water. |
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| featuresthat form or occur under air. |
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| the lee side of a dune where sediment accumulates by avalanching off of the crest of the dune. |
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| inclined stratification formed by the avalanching of sediment off a dune slipface. The set of inclined stratification is typically > 10 cm. |
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| a long asymmetric dune with a straight or undulatory crest. Also known as a 2 dimensional dune. |
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| crossbed sets resting on and truncated by flat surface. |
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| Individual cross beds have no tangential bottoms meet bottom at an angle. |
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| dunes with highly arcuate crests surrounding an erosional trough also known as 3 dimensional dunes. |
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| ripples or dunes that have highly sinuous crests that arc downstream. |
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| ripples that have hihgly sinuous crests that arc up stream and has downstream pointing horn. Aeolian barchan dunes are lunate in form. |
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| cross beds that have a scoop shaped bottom contact where the cross bed filled a scour |
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| individual cross lamina sweep down to parallel the basal contact of the cross bed set. |
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| sediment filled scours formed from trubulent flow along the bottom of flowing water. |
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| long linear features that filled long grooves cut into the underlying layer. |
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| grooves made by an object bouncing (saltating off the bottom |
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| polygonal sediment filled cracks that surround a mud plate. The mud plate and plugonalcracks from from the frying of a water lain clay rich sediment. also known a desiccation cracks. |
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| directions that have a polarity or a distinct directionality |
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| linear features that have a direction but no polarity or not "from or to" |
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| average direction and magnitude of a plaeocurrent data set. |
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| the size of varience of the paleocurrent directions. Same as the standard deviation of the paleocurrent directions. |
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| a measure of how closely aligned are the paleocurrent directions. 100%- all measurements are in the same direction: 0% when the measurements are random. |
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