Term
| what is the freudian psychoanalytical personality? |
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Definition
| the unconsious mind is the source of conflicts nad motivvations for our behavior |
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Term
| what are the behaviorist personality theories? |
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Definition
| human behavior is situational, determined by experience, people are neither good nor evil |
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Term
what are the phenomenological views |
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Definition
| concious mind is the source of resolution. people have inate drive to reach their full potential people are god |
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Term
what is the 3 levels of awareness |
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Definition
conscious--what is in the working memory preconscious mind--consists of items that are not in your consciousness at the moment but can easily be brought to mind unconscious--things that cannot be brought back up |
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Term
| what is the id in the freduian personality? |
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Definition
| id operates on the pleasure principle is only concerned with itself and the need to satisfy |
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Term
| what is the ego persnality of freudian theory |
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Definition
| The ego operates on the reality principle. The ego understands that the needs and desires of others also have to be met and dealt with. The role of the ego is to meet the id's needs with the bounds of practicality and the consideration of others |
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Term
| what is the superego of the personality freaudian theory |
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Definition
| The superego operates on the ideal principle. It is the moral part of us and arises from moral and ethical considerations placed on us by our parents and society; loosely speaking it's our conscience. |
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Term
| what do the egos have controll and access to |
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Definition
| The ego and superego have access to the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The id is confined to the unconscious. |
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Term
| what are some ego defense mechanisms |
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Definition
| denial (barring an anxiety provoking external stimulus from awareness), repression (barring an anxiety provoking internal stimulus from awareness), projection (placing unacceptable thoughts or impulses in yourself onto someone else), displacement, (taking out impulses on a safer substitute), sublimation (channeling unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way), reaction formation (converting the unacceptable impulse into its opposite), rationalization, (supplying a logical or rational excuse for a shortcoming), regression (returning to a previous more childish stage of development). Of these, only sublimation is viewed as a healthy outlet. |
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Term
| what were the different stages the freudian believed in |
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Definition
| Oral Stage (birth to 18 months) the child is focused on the mouth as a way of seeking pleasure because of its requirement for nursing. If the child's weaning is traumatic, in later life any unresolved conflicts may manifest as a preoccupation with oral activities such as smoking, drinking, eating or bite his or her nails or chew pencils and pens. The Anal Stage (18 months to three years) is a time in which pleasure is based on eliminating and retaining bowel movements and gaining control over them. In terms of conflicts during this stage, the end result can be an obsession with cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal retentive) or they may become messy and disorganized slobs (anal expulsive). During the Phallic Stage (ages three to six) the attention witches to the genitals as boys and girls learn that they are differences between the genders and become aware of the similarities and differences between them and their parents. Freud believed that during this stage boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers and come to see their fathers as rivals for her attention and affection. He also believed that boys develop a fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, such as by castrating them. This group of feelings is known as Oedipus Complex. Similarly girls were supposed to go through a similar attraction with their father and competition with their mother termed the Electra Complex. Girls were also thought to develop penis envy over not having male genitalia. In the end, the conflicts were suppose to resolve by the child identifying with the same-sex parent instead of competing with them and adopt their gender-appropriate sexual identities. Unresolved conflicts would be expected to possible manifest as adult overindulging or avoidance of sexual activity or a weak or confused sexual identity. The next stage is the Latency Stage (age six to puberty). It’s during this time that sexual interest is repressed and children interact and play mostly with their same sex peers, until puberty. In the Genital Stage (puberty on) sexual urges are awakened. Through the prior resolution of conflicts learned during the previous stages, Freud said that healthy adolescents are then to direct their sexual urges onto opposite sex peers, with the primary focus of pleasure being the genitals. |
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Term
| 1. Freudian theory places importance on the influence of experiences in __________ on personality. |
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Definition
a) later adulthood
b) early childhood
c) middle adulthood
d) those wacky tumultuous teen-age years (like you see on "Dawson's Creek" or "Felicity")
e) scary carnival rides |
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Term
| 2. Preconscious thoughts ... |
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Definition
a) dominate childhood before the development of language.
b) are those of which we are currently not aware but could bring into awareness.
c) contain memories we have inherited from our distant human past.
d) are the fundamental elements of animal mind.
e) are what make you turn off the alarm after a weekend of partying & sleep deprivation without waking up and miss Dr. Salinas' Monday noon class. Sure they do, Sparky. |
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Term
| 3. The id operates in terms of the __________ principle. |
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Definition
a) pleasure
b) reality
c) idealistic
d) principal
e) a, b, and c, just not at the same time. They play rock/paper/scissors for control of the id. |
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Term
| 4. Ego defense mechanisms serve to ... |
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Definition
a) prevent the id from being dominated by the superego.
b) ensure that conscious thoughts do not become unconscious.
c) protect the ego from anxiety-provoking information, situations and impulses.
d) distract the superego and allow the id to gratify its impulses.
e) assure that a nuclear attack will not result in the complete destruction of our national pride. |
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Term
| 5. Chris is very passive and peaceful. Friends and family have never seen him get angry or hurt anyone. They are also quite puzzled that he spends so much of his free time building furniture out in the garage. Chris's behavior most likely illustrates which of the following ego defense mechanisms? |
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Definition
a) denial
b) displacement
c) reaction formation
d) sublimation
e) a and b |
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Term
| The ideal self embodies what the person __________ be. |
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Definition
a) should
b) could
c) would like to
d) might
e) who has a lot of M-O-N-E-Y can expect to |
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Term
| According to Rogers, people are better adjusted if their ... |
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Definition
a) self-concept is far removed from their ideal self.
b) ego is stronger than their superego.
c) feelings of superiority are greater than feelings of inferiority.
d) self-concept is similar to their ideal self.
e) neck-bolts are only finger-tightened. No wait, that's the Frankenstein monster. |
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Term
| For Julian Rotter, the most important aspect of why people act as they do revolves around whether the actions ... |
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Definition
a) add to or detract from the ideal self.
b) are attributed to an internal or external locus of control.
c) meet or fail the expectations of the shadowy things that live under the bed.
d) create a sense of inferiority or superiority.
e) attract the attention of a uniformed law-enforcement officer. |
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Term
| A student blames her failure to obtain a job on her poor interviewing skills and lack of ability. The student has made a(n) __________ attribution. |
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Definition
a) idealized
b) defensive
c) external
d) internal
e) tax-deductible charitable |
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Term
| 10. __________ tests encourage individuals to cast their unconscious or preconscious personality characteristics and conflicts onto their responses. |
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Definition
a) Projective
b) Subjective
c) Objective
d) Qualitative
e) Open-book |
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Term
| The ability to recognize that volume contained in two different containers is equivalent despite differences in the shapes of the containers is conservation of ... |
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Definition
o) the enironment.
b) number.
c) volume.
d) weight.
e) momentum |
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Term
| The reason that Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been so influential is that ... |
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Definition
a) the theory is remarkably accurate in all of its details.
b) all the theory's predictions have been confirmed in subsequent research.
c) no subsequent theorist has been able to modify any of the ideas presented by Piaget.
d) Piaget's ideas have led to further research and theory.
e) Piaget's relatives are VERY powerful people. |
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Term
You show your nephew two beakers that are the same size and shape and contain the same volume of liquid. You then pour one of the beakers into a third beaker that is tall but thin. Your nephew now tells you that the third beaker contains more liquid. Your nephew does NOT show ...
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Definition
a) egocentrism.
b) conservation.
c) reversibility.
d) formal operations.
e) the sense the Good Lord gave a head of cabbage. |
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Term
| In Klinefelter's syndrome the afflicted person ... |
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Definition
a) is missing a Y chromosome.
b) is missing an X chromosome.
c) has an extra X chromosome.
d) has an extra Y chromosome.
e) has to marry somebody named Klinefelter in order to resolve an unconscious Freudian conflict. |
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Term
| Deficits in the activity of the __________ system may contribute to or underlie attention deficit disorder (ADD). |
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Definition
a) GABA
b) norepinephrine (NE)
c) acetylcholine (ACh)
d) serotonin (5HT)
e) glutamate (GLU) |
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Term
| overactivity of the __________ system may be involved in patients with Obssessive-Compulsive anxiety disorder. |
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Definition
a) dopamine (DA)
b) GABA
c) norepinephrine (NE)
d) serotonin (5HT)
e) acetylcholine (ACh) |
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Term
| The intralaminar nucleus of the thalamus has been argued to be important for ____________. |
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Definition
a. fact-based learning
b. dyslexia
c. consciousness
d. recovery of function from brain damage
e. skill-based learning |
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Term
| Alzheimer's Disease is characterized by ... |
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Definition
a. cell loss in the Neostriatum.
b. beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
c. the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.
d. immune system damage to myelin sheaths.
e. some guy named Congo Red. |
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Term
| Promotion of the development of extensive functional connections in the brain |
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Definition
a) has been demonstrated in laboratory rats raised in enriched environments.
b) has been shown to depend on hormones and hormone-like substances released in the brain.
c) may provide clues to preventing or lessening the consequences of brain aging, diseases or injuries.
d) is especially important during early critical periods in development.
e) all of the above |
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Term
| In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the formal-operational stage is distinguished by the appearance of |
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Definition
a) abstract thought and logical reasoning.
b) considerable activity involving reflexive actions.
c) the ability to mentally manipulate objects across a table without touching them.
d) language.
e) curiosity in the cash value of Mom & Dad's estate, firearms, & CourtTV.
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Term
| According to Piaget, the process of __________ allows a child to alter an existing schema to incorporate new information. |
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Definition
a) cognitive dissonance
b) calibration
c) accommodation
d) assimilation
e) Piagetism |
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Term
| Androgen insensitivity (Testicular feminization) syndrome is ... |
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Definition
a) caused by a genetic defect in testosterone receptors.
b) a result of excess estrogen.
c) characterized by an XX genotype.
d something you might want to bring up during Christmas dinner.
e. creepy; really really creepy. |
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Term
| All of the following are characteristics of androgen insensitivity (Testicular feminization) syndrome EXCEPT ... |
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Definition
a) breast growth at puberty.
b) undescended testes.
c) female external genitals.
d) female internal sex organs.
e) lack of axillary (underarm) or pubic hair |
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Term
| The least amount of visual stimulation that, on average, we can detect is comparable to the energy produced by ... |
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Definition
a) a standard light bulb at 100 yards.
b) a candle flame seen at 30 miles.
c) a Zippo cigarette lighter viewed from about half a mile.
d) a street light from about 5 miles.
e) a Paula Abdul video across the room at 3 a.m., after killing the keg. |
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Term
| The typical person could detect the presence of one drop of perfume diffused in an area as large as ... |
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Definition
a) a football field.
b) a closet.
c) a standard bedroom.
d) a six-room house.
e) an eight piece box of fried chicken. |
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Term
| It is difficult to view a dim object late at night by looking directly at the object because this way of looking focuses the image on ... |
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Definition
a) photoreceptors that are good for color vision but work lousy under low light conditions.
b) your eye's blind spot, where the axons of ganglion cells come together to form the optic nerve..
c) on the photoreptors that see in black and white and work well under low light levels.
d) the bridge of your nose. Have you been drinking?
e) your Psychic Third Eye, which while it can see into the future does a pretty bad job with light. |
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Term
| The auditory receptors are located in the ... |
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Definition
a) auditory nerve.
b) cochlea.
c) middle ear bones.
d) eardrum
e) back of the store next to the baked goods. |
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Term
| The olfactory system is unique in that the olfactory ... |
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Definition
a) system projects directly to the olfactory cortex.
b) receptors do not transduce sensory signals.
c) system involves only three primary colors.
d) system passes through the thalamus, unlike other sensory systems.
e) system does not provide cues for memories. |
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Term
| Prostaglandins and other chemicals released by cell and tissue damage... |
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Definition
a) amazingly enough, taste like cherry.
b) facilitate learning and memory.
c) sensitize the firing of peripheral nerve fibers dedicated to pain information.
d) may slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
e) are being relased right now during this God-forsaken exam! AAAUUGH! |
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Term
| Which of the following most completely and accurately describes the passage of sound energy to the brain? |
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Definition
a) eardrum --> middle ear bones --> cochlea --> auditory nerve
b) headphones --> middle ear bones ---> eardrum --> cochlea
c) cochlea --> auditory nerve --> eardrum --> retina
d) middle ear bones --> cochlea--> auditory nerve
e) shortstop --> second base --> first base, no, wait, that's a double play. |
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Term
| what is albert bandura's view |
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Definition
| Albert Bandura and reciprocal determinism. In Bandura's view there is a three-way interaction between a person, their behavior and their environment. A given person's behavior is both influenced by and is influencing a person's internal factors (their skills, feelings, ideas, genetics) and the environmental situation (other people's skills, feelings, ideas, and behaviors) around them. Each of the three can impact and be impacted by the other |
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Term
| what is julian rotters behaviorist theory |
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Definition
| Rotter distinguished between an internal locus of control and an external locus of control. Rotter's view was that behavior was determines by life's rewards and punishments and that because of them people come to hold beliefs about what guides their behavior and their outcomes. These beliefs, in turn, determine what kind of locus of control people view as determining the events in their life. |
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Term
| what was mischels behaviroist theory |
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Definition
| Walter Mischel's view on personality was one of cognitive social learning theory. He focused on the roles of competencies (a wide variety of skilled, adaptive behaviors, including both actions and mental activities), encoding strategies (the perception and interpretation of events via selective attention and personal constructs which can be thought of as useful concepts through which we view events in the world, guide perceptions and behaviors and filter perceptions, memories, and expectations), expectancies (thoughts and ideas concerning and predicting the outcomes of environmental events and personal behaviors), subjective values (the weighted preferences of our desired or expected outcomes), and self-regulatory systems (self-imposed goals and consequences which govern behavior in the absence or in spite of social or situational constraints) in determining behavior. |
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Term
| what are the three responses to the pardox by mishel |
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Definition
| aggregation solution which holds that the apparent inconsistencies of behavior are due to an incomplete determination of the personality traits because of too few testing measurements taken over too little time. The person-centered solution offers that individual people are consistent and the fault lies in the explanations or conceptions of the traits themselves used to describe personality as being too simplistic or incomplete. The interactional solution says that it's not so much that situation determines behavior and personality. Rather, it's that our personality traits influence and determine the sorts of situations we find ourselves in. Given those situations, as individuals we will all react differently to those situations (reactional interaction), evoke different responses from the elements in our environments (evocative interaction) and choose and construct different further situations to place ourselves in (proactive interaction). |
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Term
what was the phenological theories carl rogers |
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Definition
| One is for positive regard (the need for love, affection, and respect from other people) and the other is for self-actualization (reaching their full potential and have becoming all that they can be). The ideal situation proposed by Rogers is for plenty of unconditional positive regard as children where our caregivers are completely accepting of us. In this event, the child's developing self concept (how they see themselves) will be similar to their ideal self (who they'd like to be or feel they ought to be). The closer the self concept and the real self (who they actually are) is to the ideal self the healthy they are and the more likely that they can possibly reach self-actualization (becoming in fact, the ideal self). The more congruence, the closer the real and ideal selves and the self concept are and the more psychologically healthy the person is, regardless of whether they have achieved self-actualization (which is seen as very rare and difficult to actually reach). If there is a lack of unconditional positive regard, then there is less and less congruence and more of a self-discrepancy, between our self concept and our ideal selves; the greater the self-discrepancy, the greater the risk of psychological and emotional problems. |
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Term
| what is the heirchay of needs |
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Definition
the lower more basic needs must be met to satisfy the highest level self-actualization Physiological needs (basic needs such as air, food, water, warmth and shelter take the highest priority and form the base of the hierarchy), Safety needs (includes physical security as well that of our resources, possessions), Love & Belonging needs (includes friendship, intimacy, sex, family or social community group), Esteem needs (need for respect, self-respect and respect of others), Cognitive needs( need to learn, explore, discover, create, understand of the surrounding world), Aesthetic needs (need for beauty or something aesthetically pleasing to refresh ), and lastly, self actualization. Only after all the needs of the lower levels have been mastered can a person reach self-actualization. II. Personality – Assessment
We have mentioned the concept of personality traits but not explained them yet. Through empirical psychometric testing over the years a descriptive model of personality traits has emerged which focuses on five dimensions or factors (called the Big Five Traits). These have been labeled:Openness: includes having wide interests, and being imaginative and insightful.Conscientiousness: tend to be organized, thorough, and planning.Extraversion: encompasses such more specific traits as talkative, energetic, and assertive.Agreeableness: includes traits like sympathetic, kind, and affectionate.Neuroticism: characterized by traits like tense, moody, and anxious. Further subtle distinctions of these traits can be made. It's also important to note that the Big Five are considered dimensions (i.e., broad factors) and aren't rated as either being simply present or absent but as a continuum along which people possess more or less of the traits. Also, where there are sub-traits described (like tense and moody), the sub-traits are not necessarily obligatorily linked. |
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Term
| what are personality inventories--objective |
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Definition
personality tests and questionnaires The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is one of the most frequently used personality tests. However, the MMPI was designed to help identify problems in psychiatric patients. MMPI-2 has 14 scales, 10 which measure psychological traits and 4 which measure the validity of the test (to detect attempts at deception and defensive responses, for instance) and the full version, designed or patients 18 and older, consists of 567 questions |
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Term
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Definition
| projective tests, such as the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and the Rorschach inkblot test in which the subject responds to vague or ambiguous images, presumably projecting hidden emotions, attitudes and conflicts onto their descriptions of the images. The TAT consists of 31 pictures that depict a variety of social and interpersonal situations. The subject is asked to tell a story about each picture to the examiner. Of the 31 pictures, 10 are gender-specific while 21 others can be used with adults of either sex and with children. The |
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Term
| what are some of the ideal conditions of vision, touch, smell, taste, hearing |
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Definition
vision--detect a light candle flame 30 miles away on a dark night heraing--soft ticking of a clock when its quite taste--detect flavors as faitn as teaspon of sugar in a gallon of water smell--detect sent of single drop of perfume in a volume equal to a small house touch--detect a contact as delicate as a fly's wing dropped on our cheeck from a height of one centimeter |
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Term
| what is absolute threshold |
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Definition
| The point of intensity where the likelihood of detecting the stimulus is 50% |
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Term
what must be done to detect sensory transduction |
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Definition
| be vonverted to electrochemical nerves...for the nervous system |
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Term
| what are the vision cells and where are they located |
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Definition
| photoreceptors found in the retina of eye |
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Term
| what are the hearing cells and where are they located |
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Definition
| hair celss found in the cochlea |
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Term
| what are the cells in touch and where are they located |
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Definition
| pacinia ruffins and messners corpuslces |
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Term
| what is the white tough outer wall of the eye |
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Definition
sclera keeps the eye shape and protects it |
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