Term
| What is the formula for calculating metabolic body weight from body weight? |
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Definition
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Term
How many kcal are found in 1g of the following?
1g carbohydrate =
1g protein =
1g fat = |
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Definition
1g carbohydrate = 4kcal
1g protein = 5-5.5kcal
1g fat = 9kcal |
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Term
| Daily energy expenditure includes the energy required for _____, _____ and _____. |
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Definition
maintenance
activity
thermoregulation |
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Term
| When measuring BMR of a ruminant, it should be measured ____ hours after eating |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the conditions for measuring BMR? (4) |
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Definition
1. at rest
2. post-absorptive state
3. thermoneutral environment
4. without physical/psychological stress |
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Term
What value is represented by 'X'?
Y = 70 X0.75 kcal/day |
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Definition
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Term
| Which has a higher BMR per unit of body weight, a small or large animal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What might cause BMR to fluctuate? |
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Definition
-rapid growth
-sleeping
-season (e.g. higher in winter) |
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Term
| In rapidly growing animals, the BMR can be as much as ____ the adult BMR |
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Definition
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Term
| Sleeping animals' metabolic rate can be _____ lower than waking BMR |
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Definition
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Term
| Perching & songbirds are known as.... |
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Definition
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Term
| When calculating BMR for individual bird species, it can be ____ higher than the general mammal equation |
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Definition
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Term
Which will have a lower BMR?
Tropical or temperate birds?
Diurnal or noctural birds?
Terrestial or marine birds?
Birds or mammals of the same weight? |
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Definition
tropical
nocturnal
terrestrial
mammals |
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Term
| BMR is non-passerine birds is (higher/lower) in summer than in winter |
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Definition
| higher (or doesn't change) |
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Term
| BMR is passerine birds is (higher/lower) in summer than in winter |
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Definition
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Term
| For mammals, standing requires ____ energy than sitting |
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Definition
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Term
| For birds, standing requires ____ energy than sitting |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Energy use increases exponentially with speed |
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Definition
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Term
| Which would cost more energy, increasing speed as a small or large animal? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Waddling (like penguins) requires twice as much energy as it would for a typical bird to walk |
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Definition
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Term
| How much energy is required for horizontal & vertical locomotion? |
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Definition
Horizontal: 0.5-10% of daily energy expenditure
Vertical: 6kcal/kg/vertical km |
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Term
| Energy costs for flight are ____ per unit time but ____ per unit distance |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more energy efficient at faster speeds, swimming at the surface or submerged? |
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Definition
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Term
| An animal in the desert is more likely to have (large/small) ears |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some evolutionary methods of thermoregulation? |
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Definition
-using hot springs
-large ears vs small ears
-long horns vs short horns
-guard hairs & undercoat |
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Term
| What are the thermal insulation layers? (4) |
|
Definition
Boundary layer
Cover layer
Tissue layer & body shell
Body core |
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Term
| The boundary layer is affected by _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The cover layer is affected by _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The tissue / body shell layer is affected by _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| A 0.35cm thick layer of still air provides as much insulation to the boundary layer as _____ |
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Definition
| the tissue layer insulation during max vasoconstriction |
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Term
| What factors affect cover insulation? (7) |
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Definition
-type of hair feather
-density of hairs
-length of cover
-shedding & moulting
-piloerection
-wind
-water |
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Term
| Most core body heat is carried by ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Upper lethal body temperature is ____ degrees higher than core body temperature, in average |
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Definition
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Term
| The 'survivable' temperature based on what the environment feels like is known as... |
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Definition
| effective environmental temperature |
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Term
| What are some 'uses' of energy in terms of male & female reproduction? |
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Definition
Males: sperm production, testicular growth
Females: ovary & oviduct growth
gravid uterus growth
mammary growth
lactation |
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Term
| Approx ___ of gravid uterus growth occurs in the last 40% of gestation |
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Definition
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Term
During the last 40% of gestation, do the following increase or decrease?
Water content
Fetal growth
Protein
Fat
Mineral |
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Definition
Decrease: fetal growth & water content
Increase: protein, fat, mineral content |
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Term
| Which mammals have high a high body fat percentage a neonates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for animals who are naked, blind & immobile at birth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for animals who have a hair/feather coat, can see and are mobile at birth? |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False
In pigeons & doves, both parents produce crop milk for he first 3-4 weeks |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sloughed epithelial cells from walls of crop, rich in fat, fed for the first 3-4 wks |
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Term
| Give an example of mammals who only pass Igs to the fetus in utero |
|
Definition
primates
guinea pigs
rabbits |
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Term
| Give an example of mammals who pass Igs to the fetus in utero and through colostrum |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of mammals who only pass Igs to the fetus through colostrum |
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Definition
hooved animals
marsupials
minks |
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Term
| Do horses have a dilute or concentrated milk? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the main fatty acid found in milk? (generally) |
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Definition
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Term
| In lagomorphs and elements, the main fatty acid found in milk is ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| In seals, the main fatty acid found in milk is _____ |
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Definition
| long chain fatty acids (and some palmitic) |
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Term
True or False
Smaller birds lay larger eggs proportional to body weight |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds who tend to stay in the nest a long time after hatching are called |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Birds who leave the nest ASAP after hatching are called |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which would have a larger yolk size, altricial or precocial bird eggs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a marsupial which hibernates |
|
Definition
| eastern/western/pygmy possum |
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Term
| Give an example of a carnivore which hibernates |
|
Definition
american black bear
grizzly bear |
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Term
| Give an example of rodentia which hibernates |
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Definition
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Term
| For _____, body temperature is determined by heat sources outside the body |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False
For homeothermic mammals, core body temperatures never change |
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Definition
False
May change in hibernation/torpor |
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Term
| If body temperature is decreased for <24 hours, this is: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If body temperature is decreased for >4 days, this is: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the minimum body temp for an animal entering torpor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Hibernating animals can only re-warm using exogenous heat |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is unusual about the hibernation of the hazel dormouse? |
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Definition
| hibernates with 2 or more animals |
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Term
| How is hibernation of the common hamster different than a grizzly bear? |
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Definition
the hamster will undergo 'arousal' periodically to eat/use food stores
the bear will likely not arouse until spring |
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Term
| What is the main heat source for arousal for most rodents? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which warms faster during arousal, the anterior or posterior region of the body? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the difference between daily torpor and seasonal torpor? |
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Definition
Daily
-may still be able to move coordinatedly
-may still eat/drink
-doesn't have to be curled up in sleep |
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Term
| What is the difference between migration and long-distance migration? |
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Definition
migration: seasonal round trip between areas not used at other times of the year
LDM: on way movement |
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|
Term
| Do moose migrate solitarily or as a group? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Do cougars migrate solitarily or as a group? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Give an example of a species who no longer seems to mass migrate or do LDM? |
|
Definition
bison
elk
pronghorn
black wildebeest |
|
|
Term
| What species undertakes the largest mammal migration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approx ____ of the world's bird species migrate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of migration in birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is complete migration? Where is this more likely to occur |
|
Definition
when all members of a species leave the breeding area during non-breeding season
northern hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| What is partial migration? |
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Definition
only some members of a species migrate
e.g. just juveniles, just females, only some part of the range (north vs south) |
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Term
| What is irruptive migration? Give an example of a species which does this |
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Definition
-migrates depending on food sources from year to year
e.g. snowy owls, horned owls |
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Term
| Why would birds migrate during the day? |
|
Definition
| rely on rising air from thermals, less energy required |
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Term
| What time of day would day-migrating birds begin? end? |
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Definition
3 hrs after sunrise
end mid afternoon |
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Term
| Give an example of a bird species which migrates at night |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| For birds who migrate day or night, flying non-stop, they must put on ____ of normal body weight as fat before flying |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the average body temperature for animals in hibernation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average body temperature for animals such as bears and badgers in semi-hibernation? |
|
Definition
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