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| The term "immittance" is a portmanteau of two words and its definition refers to both of those words, which are ___________ and ______________. |
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Definition
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mechanical quantity with its reciprocal (reverse):
-mass reactance and mass ___
-admittance and ___
-conductance and ___
-stiffness reactance and stiffness ___ |
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Definition
| susceptance; impedance; resistance (friction); suscpeptance |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of a mechanical impedance system? |
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Definition
| stiffness reactance, resistance, and mass reactance |
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Term
| What is the equation for mechanical impedance? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the correct units of measure?
-admittance - ________
-equivalent volume - _______
-susceptance - ______
-air pressure - ________ |
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Definition
| acoustic mho; cubic centimeter; acoustic mho; millimeters of water |
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Term
This picture illustrates an alternating force (oscillating between -600 and 600 units) as a function of time. Which of the following best describes what is occurring at time point 50 ms?
[image] |
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Definition
| Force is minimal; velocity is maximal in the positive direction. |
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Term
| In a mechanical system, as frequency increases, stiffness susceptance _________. |
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Definition
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| In a mechanical system, as frequency increases, mass susceptance _________. |
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Definition
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| Based on the relation between mass susceptance, stiffness susceptance, and frequency illustrated in the previous questions, an object likely to resonate in response to very high frequency vibration would most likely have what characteristics? |
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Term
| EV is affected by factors such as ____ ____. |
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Term
| According to the chapter, the criterion for measurement of a present otoacoustic emission relative to surrounding noise is about ________ dB. |
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Term
| The acronym VU in VU Meter stands for: |
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Definition
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Term
The image pictured is the ___________ and is used by audiologists in measurement of ______________.
[image] |
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Definition
| 10-20 electrode system ; auditory evoked potentials |
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Term
| An acoustic immittance measurement system measures acoustic admittance as a ratio of ___________ (held constant by the measurement system) to ______________, (measured by the system). |
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Definition
| volume velocity ; sound pressure |
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Term
| A primary goal in the development of the CE-Chirp stimulus was__________. |
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Definition
| enhancement of wave V for newborn hearing screening using automated ABR. |
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Term
| The "distortion" in distortion-product otoacoustic emissions refers to mathematically predictable sound signals composed of nonharmonically spaced frequencies that reflect the ___ and ___ of the primary stimulus tones. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a manufacturer tells you that one audiometer his company produces, the Arglebargle, is a Type I pure-tone audiometer and the other, the Oingoboingo, is a Type II pure-tone audiometer, what can you deduce from it? |
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Definition
| The Arglebargle has more test features than the Oingoboingo. |
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Term
| For masking of tones using bands of noise, as tone frequency increases (say, from 250 to 8000 Hz), what happens to the critical band? |
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Definition
| The center frequency and bandwidth of the critical band both increase. |
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Term
| One component of an audiometer, a/an _______________, may consist of an electronic circuit in which white noise is routed to an amplifier and biased at a given voltage, then amplified and routed to a circuit in which a series of inductors and capacitors are adjusted to create a resonance that emphasizes a given frequency while rejecting others |
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Term
| In audiometry, a warble tone is modulated in the __________ domain. |
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Term
| The resonance of an acoustic system is the state in which ___ and ___ cancel each other, leaving only resistance (friction). |
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| In the chapter, the authors note that tympanogram shapes for 226-Hz probe tones differ between adults and infants. This change in tympanometric shape is likely attributable to ___ mass in the infant middle ear and necessitates use of high-frequency (___ Hz) probe tone for infant tympanometry. |
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Term
| In the chapter on mechanical impedance, a spring was used to exemplify the mass and stiffness characteristics of a system. In an acoustic impedance system, the analog of the spring is ____________. |
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Term
| The ratio of the middle ear system's ability to transfer energy, expressed as the ratio of reflected power to incident power, is commonly known as ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in the stiffness of the middle ear, such as might be seen in a patient with otitis media, has the primary effect of shifting the wideband reflectance curve ___________. |
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Definition
| to the right (toward higher frequencies) |
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Term
Advantages of wideband reflectance tympanometry over standard single-frequency tympanometry:
-wideband reflectance measures do not require the ear canal to be ___
-wideband reflectance measures provide information about the admittance of the outer/middle ear system at a ___ of frequencies, rather than only ___
-wideband reflectance measures are not influenced by the ___ of the probe in the ear canal |
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Definition
| pressurized; range; one; location |
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Term
| The relation between acoustic admittance and acoustic impedance can be expressed as _____________. |
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Definition
| acoustic impedance = 1 / acoustic admittance. |
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Term
| An admittance tympanogram obtained using normal clinical techniques provides a measurement of the admittance of ________________. |
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Definition
| the outer and middle ear together. |
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Term
[image]
What is true of the data point indicated by the red arrow on the wideband reflectance curve pictured here? |
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Definition
| It shows abnormal reflectance at 1000 Hz, with more energy reflected than would be expected in a normal outer and middle ear. |
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Term
[image]
Which is true of the data point indicated by the blue arrow on the wideband reflectance curve pictured here? |
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Definition
| It shows that about 70% of incident energy was passed through the outer and middle ear at 3000 Hz. |
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Term
| Silman writes that "the most fundamental requirement for calibration of instrumentation used in Audiology and Hearing Science is a device that either resembles outer ear mechanical impedance (the enclosure between the earphone and tympanic membrane when an earphone is being calibrated of from the insert receiver to the eardrum when the insert receiver is being used to calibrate) or to find a device that will have the same mechanical characteristics of the mastoid when calibrating the bone oscillator." Which of these is a name for these devices collectively? |
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Term
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Definition
| Yes for air-conduction audiometry; no for bone-conduction audiometry; no for sound-field audiometry |
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Term
| In order for an acoustic immittance measurement system to comply with ANSI S3.39, the actual frequency of the probe tone should be within ___________ of the nominal frequency (the frequency displayed on screen). |
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Definition
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Term
| For a type I clinical audiometer to comply with ANSI S3.6 standards, actual measured frequency of tones should be within _________ of the nominal frequency (the frequency displayed on the audiometer). |
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Definition
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Term
Using the formula provided in your reading, calculate total harmonic distortion for a 1000 Hz tone produced by a headphone from the values measured below, all collected while the 1000 Hz tone was playing at 70 dB HL.
1000 Hz: 70 dB HL
2000 Hz: 4 dB HL
3000 Hz: 3 dB HL
4000 Hz: 0 dB HL
5000 Hz: 0 dB HL
6000 Hz: 0 dB HL
7000 Hz: 0 dB HL
8000 Hz: 0 dB HL |
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Definition
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Term
| By examining couplers used in calibration, you can infer that the volume of air enclosed by a supra-aural headphone is about __________ as large as the volume of air enclosed by an insert earphone. |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
The device pictured is used during calibration of the audiometer for the purpose of simulating the inertial mass of the ___ ___ for the purpose of calibrating the ___ ___. |
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Definition
| human head; bone oscillator |
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Term
| The TDH-39 supra-aural headphones is matched to the ___ ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| For a type I clinical audiometer to comply with ANSI S3.6 standards, total harmonic distortion for a 1000 Hz tone produced by a headphone should be no greater than __________. |
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Definition
| 2.5% of the amplitude at 1000 Hz. |
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Term
| For a type I clinical audiometer to comply with ANSI S3.6 standards, it should take no longer than ________ for a 1000 Hz pure tone initially presented at 70 dB HL to decline from 63 dB HL to 7 dB HL after the tone is turned off. |
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| Kemp hypothesizes that the nonlinear relation between the stimulus amplitude and response amplitude of the signals he measured from the ear is evidence of ___ ___ involvement in the production of the sounds he had measured. |
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Definition
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Term
| Kemp measured the "acoustic emission phenomenon" described in his paper in a large number of ears with confirmed normal middle and inner ear function, but noted that the phenomenon was absent or reduced in ears of patients with normal middle ears and sensory hearing loss greater than _________ dB. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bright notes that spontaneous OAE are present in about ____________ of ears with normal hearing. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Bright, the major challenge in reliable measurement of OAE is ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| During TEOAE measurement, setting the noise-rejection limit lower than the default setting usually results in _______________. |
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Definition
| more noisy samples being rejected, but a longer test time. |
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Term
[image]
This image contains ABR waveforms from an electrode placed at the right ear of a patient, with the top tracing from an ipsilateral stimulation (click presented to the right ear) and the bottom tracing from a contralateral stimulation (click presented to the left ear). Time intervals are not marked, but presume that all latencies in the top tracing are within normal limits.
Why are wave I and wave II not present in the contralateral tracing? |
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Definition
| Wave I and wave II are generated by the VIII nerve; because this is a contralateral recording, the VIII nerve on the side of the recording electrode is not stimulated. |
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Term
| Crumley suggests a few techniques to improve the quality of an ABR recording, including ________________. |
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Definition
| using a slower stimulus rate. |
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Term
| According to Crumley, use of FPz electrode placement (instead of Cz) can result in up to a ___% reduction in wave amplitude |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike a click ABR, a toneburst ABR provides _________________. |
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Definition
| frequency-specific information. |
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Term
| The AP of the ECochG is also known was the compound action potential or __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Crumley recommends that stimulus intensity during bone-conduction ABR on infants not exceed __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Crumley recommends each of the following as a technique to reduce electrical noise during ABR measurement except ____________. |
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Definition
| setting mobile phones to "silent" mode. |
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Term
| During most auditory evoked potential protocols, the measurement system will subtract the voltage of the non-inverting electrode from the voltage of the inverting electrode, which cancels out any electrical activity or noise that was picked up by both electrodes. This process is known as ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The middle latency response (MLR) is generated by __________________ and is used to assess __________________. |
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Definition
| the IC, MGB, and A1 ; auditory cortical function |
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Term
| Unlike most other auditory evoked responses, accurate measurement of the P300 requires _____________. |
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Definition
| active thought processes; specifically, counting of high-frequency tone stimuli. |
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Term
| Calculate the binary value of the decimal number 56. |
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Definition
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Term
| Many digital audio files are sampled at a rate of 44.1 kHz (44,100 samples per second). In such a file, sound frequencies up to about __________ can be expected to be represented accurately. |
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Definition
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Term
| The basic processing of a digital hearing aid, from reception of a sound signal by a microphone to processing of that sound to production of the amplified sound signal by a receiver, can be conceptualized as ________. |
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Definition
| analog > digital > analog |
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Term
| The substitution of a continuous analog measurement with a series of distinct and finite elements (such as measurements of a sound at regular time points) is known as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ____________ states that a continuous signal can be reproduced well from its digitized form if the sampling frequency (number of samples per unit time) is at least twice the maximum frequency (number of cycles per unit time) in the signal. |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
The pictured pink waveform has a frequency of 1000 Hz. Each black dot represents a sample taken as part of a digitization process. What is the sampling rate of the digitization process? |
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Definition
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Term
| Representation of real-world signals using numerical code, then processing those codes using techniques such as filtering, amplification, transformation, and modulation, is known as _________. |
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Definition
| digital signal processing. |
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Term
| One way to use FFT is to transform a note generated by a musical instrument into its _____________, or the primary frequency of the note, and its _____________, or the whole-number multiples of the primary frequency that give the note its distinct sound. |
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Definition
| fundamental frequency ; harmonics |
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Term
| __________ is a process involoving decomposition of a spectrally-complex signal into its individual frequency components for analysis. |
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Definition
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Term
Advantages of digital storage of data:
-digital media can be stored in a ___ space ; analog media typically require ___ storage media
-digital filtering and processing can be conducted using ____ ___ ; analog processing typically requires ____ equipment
-digital reproduction is very ___ fidelity ; analog reproduction typically results in ___ of quality
-digital media does not ___ with use or age; analog media degrade relatively ___ |
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Definition
| smaller; bulky; computer software; specialized; high; loss; degrade; quickly |
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