Term
| What is the simple Gospel? |
|
Definition
Simple Gospel: God, sin, Jesus, faith
Criticisms:
1. too individualistic
2. no simple gospel in NT |
|
|
Term
| There is no simple Gospel, eh? |
|
Definition
Keller: One Gospel, Many Forms
1. Synoptics (kingdom) v. Gospel of John (eternal life)
2. What is the simple gospel?
1. Jesus is promised Messiah/King, the Son of God in human form (Rom 1:3-4; Phil
2:4)
2. By his death and resurrection Jesus atoned for sin and secured our justification
by grace, not works (1 Cor 15:3)
3. Through the cross and resurrection Jesus broke the power of sin and evil over
us (Col 2:13-15) and at his return will complete the renewal of the entire
creation and our bodies (Rom 8:18-23) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Summary: Through the person and work of Jesus
Christ, God fully accomplishes salvation for us,
rescuing us from judgment and sin into fellowship with
him, and then restores the creation in which we can
enjoy new life together with him forever. |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Three Fold office of Christ? |
|
Definition
1. Prophet--he spoke prophetic words and performed miracles.
2. Priest--he intercedes for us
3. King--he reigns now in heaven with God |
|
|
Term
| What a simple form of Salvation that we have already? |
|
Definition
1. Justification – what God does in me to start the
process
2. Sanctification – the course of my life
3. Glorification – the completion of my salvation |
|
|
Term
| How does the order of salvation attempt to display the biblical truth that salvation is "soley the gift of grace" |
|
Definition
| It establishes that the purpose, from the beginning to end, is God's grace. |
|
|
Term
| Name the four views of the Order of Salvation? |
|
Definition
1. Early Church
2. Pelagius/Augustine
3. RCC/Trent
4. Protestants
a. Luther/Lutheran
b. Calvin/Reformed |
|
|
Term
| RCC Roman Catholic Church |
|
Definition
1. Baptism – regenerational
2. Confirmation – baptism is strengthened by the
Spirit
3. Eucharist – Spiritual nourishment by Christ’s body
4. Penance – Remits guilt of post-baptismal sins
5. Extreme Unction – Equips one for the final conflict
with death (grace to die well) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Calling/Vocation – forgiveness thru offer of gospel,
brings grace for unconverted to respond
2. Illumination – Universal illumination of gospel
3. Conversion/Repentance – Spirit leads to remorse
4. Regeneration – Spirit brings new birth
5. Justification – God forgives sin, reckons righteous
6. Mystical Union – Supernatural union with God
7. Sanctification – Advance in holiness
8. Conservation – Preserving of the justified to the
endThe Ordo S |
|
|
Term
| Protestant- Calvin/reformed |
|
Definition
1. Calling – General… but comes specially to the elect
2. Regeneration – Spirit alone creates new life
3. Faith – Gift and enablement of God to believe
4. Repentance – Sin is repudiated and turned from
5. Justification – God declares the believer righteous
6. Sanctification – Spirit causes progressive renouncing
of sin and growth in godliness
7. Perseverance – God perseveres them to the end
8. Glorification – God completes the work of
salvation at the resurrection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Election
2. Effectual Calling
3. Belief
4. Repentance
5. Trust in Christ
6. Regeneration
7. Union with Christ
8. Justification
9. Sanctification
10. Perseverance
11. Glorification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Universal Call – All people receive prevenient grace
overcoming depravity, freeing one to believe
2. Repentance/Faith – Human action to believe
3. Justification – Not always “external declaration”,
rather forgiveness leading to a righteous life
4. Sanctification – Second blessing which eradicates sin
and fills the heart with “perfect love.”
5. Perseverance – The believers responsibility to hold
fast to God and not fall away and lose their salvation |
|
|
Term
| Ordo Salutis Chart: (Latin for Order of Salvation) |
|
Definition
The steps of salvation re separate, but inseparable.
Green happens in the state of salvation.
1. election
2. calling
3. regeneration
4. conversion
5. Justification
6. Adoption....
then the process of
1. sanctification
2. perseverance
3. glorification |
|
|
Term
| Some churches think there's only 2 steps to salvation.. |
|
Definition
1. Holiness churches
a. conversion (justification)
2. entire santification
2. Most Pentecostal Churches
a. conversion
b. HS baptism (speaking in tongues) |
|
|
Term
| Some think there are 3 steps... |
|
Definition
. Some Pentecostal Churches = three-steppers:
A. Conversion (Justification)
B. Sanctification
C. Holy Spirit Baptism |
|
|
Term
| explain the carnal Christian? |
|
Definition
1. Natural men – non Christians
2. Spiritual men – Christians walking by the Spirit
3. Carnal men – Christians not walking by the Spirit
1 Cor. 3:1-3
men of the flesh...on milk..."people of the flesh, as infants in Christ." |
|
|
Term
| now on to the topic of Union with Christ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Union with Christ: Ontological |
|
Definition
1. Nature: The Creator absorbs the creation into the
divine life (change in essence)
2. Scriptural Support
A. It is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me (Gal 2:20)
B. Salvation as “partakers of the divine nature” (2 Pet 1:4)
3. Adherents: Pseudo-Dionysius (500); Meister
Eckhart (1327)
4. Pros?/Cons?
acting as though thing can be added to the nature of Christ. |
|
|
Term
| Union with Christ: Sacramental |
|
Definition
1. Nature: The Christian is incorporated in Christ
substantially/mystically by partaking in the sacraments
(mystical partaking in essence)
2. Scriptural Support
A. Baptism: baptized into Christ… into his death…we have
been united with him in death (Rom 6:3-6)
B. Eucharist: This is my body/blood (Matt 26:26-28)
3. Adherents: The RCC
4. Pros?/Cons?
works based and puts alot of power into physical things |
|
|
Term
| Union with Christ: Covenantal |
|
Definition
1. Nature: The Christian is united with Christ under
the covenant of grace (covenantal/relational
connection between two distinct essences)
2. Scriptural Support
A. Predestined in Christ (Eph 1:4-5)
B. Called in Christ (2 Tim 1:19)
C. Justified in Christ (Rom 8:1)
D. Sanctified in Christ (1 Cor 1:4-5)
E. Glorified in Christ (Rom 8:17)
3. Adherents: John Murray, Anthony Hoekema(?)
4. Pros?/Cons?
covenant of works and of grace.
intrepreation of scripture not so great. not literal. |
|
|
Term
| Union with Christ: Moral-Filial |
|
Definition
1. Nature: The Christian is brought in the deepest of
natural relationship with God/each-other
(demystified/naturalized view which is mostly
psychologically focused on man)
2. Scriptural Support
A. That they may be one, just as you, Father, are in me and I in
you, that they may also be in in us (John 17:21)
B. Those who believed were of one heart and soul (Acts 4:32)
3. Adherents: Lyman Abbot, Adolf von Harnack
4. Pros/Cons? |
|
|
Term
| Union with Christ: Experiential |
|
Definition
1. Nature: The Christian is personally identified with
the Savior as a new reality (connection between God
and man is lived and between two distinct essences)
2. Scriptural Support
A. supernatural – undertaken by God (1 Cor 12:13)
B. vital – experience of spiritual life (Rom 6:11)
C. mystical – something not fully explained (Eph 5:32)
D. eternal/indissoluble – permanent bond (John 10:28)
E. individual/corporate – you are a new creation (2 Cor 5:17) /
whole church (Eph 1:1)
3. Adherents: John Calvin (?), AH Strong
4. Pros?/Cons? |
|
|
Term
| What is Hoekema's union with Christ theory? |
|
Definition
1. Roots in divine election (Eph 1:3-4)
2. Basis in Christ’s redemption (John 10:11, 26-28)
3. Establishment with God’s people in time
A. Regeneration (Eph 2:4-5)
B. Live by Faith in Christ (Gal 2:20)
C. Justification (2 Cor 5:21)
D. Sanctification (1 Cor 1:30)
E. Perseverance (Rom 8:38-39)
F. Death (Rom 14:8)
G. Resurrection (1 Cor 15:22)
H. Glorification (Col 3:4) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
its source in our election in
Christ before creation of the world and it’s goal in
glorification with Christ through eternity....makes our life as
Christians significant, happy, and victorious. We are
pilgrims on this earth, but Christ lives in us forever. |
|
|
Term
| what are the four implications of Hoekema's union wit Christ theory?????? |
|
Definition
1. Reading the NT
2. Joining the Legal and the Vital
3. Knowledge of God in Christ
4. Threefold Office (Prophet/Priest/King) |
|
|
Term
| Now moving on to Election and Predestination.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name 3 terms of election/predestination? |
|
Definition
Terms:
Foreknow (proginosko) – to know/ordain before
Elect (eklektos) – to choose for oneself
Predestine (prooridzo) – to predetermine |
|
|
Term
list the perspective of...1. Early Church
2. Pelagius/Augustine
3. RCC/Trent
4. Protestants
A. Luther/Lutheran
B. Calvin/Reformed
on election. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 types of Election? |
|
Definition
1. conditional
2. corporate
3. double-unconditional
4. universal
5. single unconditional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Premises:
a. God’s sovereign choice is incompatible with human freedom
b. Christ died for all, and God wills all to be saved
c. Personal obligation is limited to one’s ability to act
2. Foreknowledge – God looking forward in time to see who
will freely believe
3. Predestination/Election – God choosing those who he sees
will freely believe
4. Synergism – God and man act together in
election/conversion
5. Adherents: Some fathers before Augustine; Jacob Arminius;
Charles Finney
6. Pros/Cons? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Premises:
a. God wills to have a people
b. God wills to provide salvation for all people
c. Personal obligation is limited to one’s ability to act
2. Foreknowledge – God looking forward in a group/class of
people who will believe
3. Predestination/Election – God’s purpose to save a class of
people who will believe
4. Synergism – God and man act together in
election/conversion
5. Adherents: William Klein; Clark Pinnock
6. Pros/Cons? |
|
|
Term
| Double-Unconditional Election |
|
Definition
1. Premises:
a. God’s sovereign choice is compatible with human freedom
b. Christ died for the elect
c. Personal obligation does not imply personal ability to act
2. Foreknowledge – God’s knowledge of all things in the sense
of foreordaining them
3. Predestination/Election – God’s sovereign choice to save
some and condemn others
4. Monergism – God acts alone in election/conversion
5. Adherents: Luther; Calvin; Zwingli
6. Pros/Cons? |
|
|
Term
| Universal Election in Christ |
|
Definition
Universal Election in Christ
1. Premises:
a. The Calvinist view has a hidden will of God apart from Jesus Christ
b. It is a static view, rather than a dynamic one
c. It suggests God is for some, and against others
2. Foreknowledge – God’s sovereign counsel to be God for us
in Jesus Christ
3. Predestination/Election – God’s sovereign choice of Jesus
Christ – the elect man & electing God
4. Monergism – God alone acts in Jesus Christ
5. Adherents – Karl Barth
6. Pros/Cons? |
|
|
Term
| Single-Unconditional Election |
|
Definition
1. Premises:
a. God’s sovereign choice is compatible with human freedom
b. Christ died for the elect
c. Personal obligation does not imply personal ability to act
2. Foreknowledge – God’s knowledge of all things in the sense
of foreordaining them
3. Predestination/Election – God’s sovereign choice to save
some and let others go their way
4. Monergism – God acts alone in election/conversion (we act
in reprobation)
5. Adherents – Aquinas; John Gill; AH Strong
6. Pros/Cons? |
|
|
Term
| name the "lapsarian terms) ***there are three |
|
Definition
1. Supralapsarian
2. Infralapsarian
3. Sublapsarian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Decree to elect / reprobate
2. Decree to create
3. Decree to permit the fall
4. Decree to provide Jesus Christ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Decree to create
2. Decree to permit the fall
3. Decree to elect / reprobate (?)
4. Decree to provide Jesus Christ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Decree to create
2. Decree to permit the fall
3. Decree to provide Jesus Christ (for all?)
4. Decree to elect (on the basis of foreknowledge?
Corporate?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Great Joy and Confidence in Being Chosen
2. Encouragement to Preaching, Evangelism, & Prayer
3. Positive Stimulus to Holiness |
|
|
Term
| Moving on to Grace and the Spirit... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain Grace: Natural Capacity? |
|
Definition
1. Grace – God’s gift of natural enablement
• Internal: rational mind, free will
• External: the Law, Christ’s example
2. Fall – damaged Adam/Eve but not us
3. Ability – persons must have the ability to perform
what God commands (commands imply ability)
4. Faith – something we do, wholly on our own
5. Special? No, denial that there is anything special is
given to particular individuals
6. Resistible? Yes |
|
|
Term
| Explain Grace: Divine Enablement? |
|
Definition
1. Grace – God’s gift to those who seek after him; an
indwelling power that will increase with our faith
2. Fall – Semi-Pelagian/Augustinian, so sin damages us,
but we are sick not dead; free will is weakened not
gone
3. Ability – persons have the ability to initiate the
process of salvation (Matt 7:7-8 – ask/seek/knock)
4. Faith – something we do as a first step toward God,
he responds with grace
5. Special? Perhaps, but through the church…
6. Resistible? Yes |
|
|
Term
| Explain Grace: Universal Prevenient? |
|
Definition
1. Presuppositions
• Christ died to save every person
• God desires to save the entire race
• Personal obligation is limited to ability to respond
2. Grace – God’s gift that flows from the cross
unconditionally to all people
• Prevenient (going before) Grace – eases the effects of sin
on minds, restores free moral agency, convicts of sin, exerts
God’s influence on hearts
3. Ability – individuals can cooperate with God
because of prevenient grace
4. Faith – is the individual response to the gospel since
they are already in a state of grace |
|
|
Term
| Explain Grace: Universal Prevenient? |
|
Definition
Presuppositions
• Christ died to save every person
• God desires to save the entire race
• Personal obligation is limited to ability to respond
Special? No distinction between non-saving and saving
grace
Resistible? Yes |
|
|
Term
| Explain: Grace: Identical to Jesus Christ |
|
Definition
1. Grace – the redemption we have in Jesus Christ
2. Ability – gone with fall, universally restored in
Christ
3. Faith –the proper response to the grace available in
Christ
4. Special? No separation between non-saving and
saving grace (Enlightenment error)
5. Resistible? No (because wholly effectual) |
|
|
Term
| Explain Grace: Divine Favor & Effective |
|
Definition
1. Grace – God’s gift freely given commonly to all, and
specially/particularly in salvation
2. Ability – gone with the fall, particularly restored
through Spirit
3. Faith – the response to God’s particular grace that
comes first
4. Special? Yes – the work of the Spirit that enlightens
minds, quickens wills, and energizes affections toward
God; Common – basic human needs, restraint of evil,
civil order, delay of judgment
5. Resistible? No, because ultimately particular grace is
effective |
|
|
Term
| Now moving on to the Call.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain Call: Natural Capacity |
|
Definition
1. Pelagian view of sin (no original sin or depravity)
2. Emphasis on the universal presence of God
3. Belief in the universal benevolence of God
4. Faith in the evolution of the human spirit (grace =
natural ability)
5. Special Call? No, denial that there is anything special
is given to particular individuals
6. View of call: “I came by myself.” |
|
|
Term
| Explain Call: Special & Resistible |
|
Definition
1. A Lutheran view mediating between Arminian &
Calvinist
2. Call = the Word read, preached, or enacted in the
sacraments
3. A unity of internal/external call (not 2 calls, graces)
4. The call itself brings a measure of illumination
(overcoming sinful minds/wills)
5. Effectual? No, sinners may resist this offer
6. Tension between universal/effectual & resistible
7. View of call: “God brought me to Christ and I did
not resist.” |
|
|
Term
| Explain Call: General & Resistible |
|
Definition
1. Arminian, developed in opposition to Reformed
2. Call = the preaching of the gospel
3. A unity of internal/external call (not 2 calls, graces)
4. Focus on prevenient grace which neutralizes the
effects of sin and restores the ability to respond.
5. The factor of whether one responds: free decision.
6. Effectual? No, sinners may resist this offer
7. View of call: “God started the process, I
responded.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Calvinist, developed following Augustine
2. General Call = the preaching of the gospel to
whosoever will
3. Special Call = the Spirit of God calling the elect
4. Focus on pervasive depravity and spiritual inability –
hinders will/desire/ability to come.
5. The factor of whether one responds: God’s act.
6. Effectual? General, no // Special, yes
7. View of call: “God brought me to Christ.” |
|
|
Term
| Explain The Call: General |
|
Definition
General call: The offering of salvation in Christ to
people, together with an invitation to embrace Christ
(in repentance and faith), in order that they might
receive forgiveness of sins and eternal life. (Hoekema,
68)
1. Presentation of the facts of the gospel and the way
of salvation
2. An invitation to come to faith and repentance
3. A promise of forgiveness and salvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Call: Special
Special call: The work of God to open the heart of the
hearer and enable them to believe.
1. Need: 1 Cor. 2:14
The natural person does not accept the things of the Spirit of
God, for they are foolishness to him, and he is not able to
understand them because they are spiritual discerned.
2. Evidence: 1 Cor. 1:22-24
For Jews demand signs and Greeks seek wisdom, but we preach
Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles,
but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the
power of God and the wisdom of God. |
|
|
Term
| now moving on to regeneration.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain Regeneration in light of depravity. |
|
Definition
1. Jer. 17:9 “The heart is deceitful above all things and
beyond cure. Who can understand it?”
2. Rom 8:7-8 “The sinful mind [how we are by nature]
is hostile to God. It does not submit to God’s law,
nor can it do so. Those controlled by the sinful
nature cannot please God.
3. Eph. 2:1, 4-5 “As for you were you were dead in
your transgressions and sins… but because of his
great love for us, God, who is rich in mercy, made us
alive in Christ even when we were dead in our
transgressions.” |
|
|
Term
| What are some OT hints toward regeneration? |
|
Definition
1. And the LORD your God will circumcise your
heart and the heart of your offspring, so that you will
love the LORD your God with all your heart and with
all your soul, that you may live. (Deu 30:6)
2. “I will put my law within them, and I will write it on
their hearts. And I will be their God, and they shall be
my people.” (Jer 31:33)
3. “26 And I will give you a new heart, and a new
spirit I will put within you. And I will remove the heart
of stone from your flesh and give you a heart of flesh.”
(Eze 36:26) |
|
|
Term
| Regeneration expounded on at the Pentecost? |
|
Definition
And in the last days it shall be, God declares, that I
will pour out my Spirit on all flesh, and your sons and
your daughters shall prophesy, and your young men
shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams;
(acts 2:14-21) |
|
|
Term
| Regeneration in the book of John |
|
Definition
"Truly, truly, I say to you, unless
one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God."
(Joh 3:3) |
|
|
Term
| Regeneration from Paul's words |
|
Definition
“(he) saved us, not because of works done by us in
righteousness, but according to his own mercy, by the
washing of regeneration (palingensia) and renewal of
the Holy Spirit.” (Tit 3:5) |
|
|
Term
| NT images of Regeneration? |
|
Definition
1. New creation – a radical inner change when through the
power of the Spirit a believer becomes a “new creation” (2
Cor. 5:17; Gal 6:15)
2. Spiritual Reviving and Resurrection – transferred from death
(separation) to life (vital union) with Christ (Col. 2:13; Eph.
2:5); not the addition of a new element, but making alive
what was dead
3. Circumcision of the Heart – inner spiritual transformation
vs. external cutting of flesh (Col. 2:11)
4. Washing – the cleansing of former sin (1 Cor 6:11; Eph 5:26)
5. New Spiritual Birth – the apostle John uses the image of new
birth as a metaphor for regeneration (“born again/from
above” John 3:3, 7) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“Regeneration is a radical change from spiritual death
to spiritual life, brought about in us by the Holy Spirit –
change involves an inner renewal of our nature, is the
fruit of God’s sovereign grace, and takes place in union
with Christ.” Hoekema
we are completely passive in the whole thing. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of change is Regeneration? |
|
Definition
1. Regeneration is an instantaneous change
2. Regeneration is a supernatural change
3. Regeneration is a radical change
a. Regeneration means the giving/imparting of new spiritual
life
b. Regeneration is a change which affects the whole person
c. Regeneration is a change which takes place internally
(below consciousness) |
|
|
Term
| And what is the order of "regeneration in Arminian and Calvinist belief? |
|
Definition
1. Arminian – prevenient grace, repentance/faith,
regeneration, obedience…
2. Moderate Calvinist – effectual call, repentance/faith,
regeneration…
3. Stronger Calvinist – effectual call/regeneration,
repentance/faith
ex. Lydia "Lord opened her heart." Acts 16:14 |
|
|
Term
| Moving on to conversion... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no pleasure in the death of the wicked, but that
the wicked turn from his way and live; turn back, turn
back from your evil ways, for why will you die, O
house of Israel? (Eze 33:11) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
31 And they said, "Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you
will be saved, you and your household." (Act 16:31) |
|
|
Term
| What's the definition of conversion? |
|
Definition
"The human response to the Spirit’s
working in the heart."
The conscious act she turns to God in repentance and faith.
Conversion = work of God & work of man
Conversion involves both repentance and faith. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• In the OT you see the words shūvh – which means
“to turn” and nicham – which means to be sorrowful
of things done.
• You see nicham here in Job: “I despise myself and
repent in dust and ashes.” (Job 42:6)
• And you see the more common word, shūvh, used
to mean: turn from sin (1 King 8:35); from iniquity
(Job 36:10); from transgression (Is 59:20); from
wickedness (Ezek. 3:19); from evil ways (Neh. 9:35).
• Turn to the Lord: 13 Then I will teach transgressors
your ways, and sinners will return to you. (Ps 51:13). |
|
|
Term
| Is NT repentance negative or positive? |
|
Definition
negative: emotional crisis; sorry for sin and fear of
punishment; regret; remorse; introspection.
Positive: the beginning of a new religious and moral life.”
“repentance leading… to the knowledge of the truth” (2
Tim 2:25)
• Not simply turning from evil, also turning to good. |
|
|
Term
| Give the definition of repentance? |
|
Definition
Repentance: Change of mind, ultimate loyalty, and
behavior whereby pre-Christians turn from sin unto
God. (Demarest, 252)
• Repentance: The conscious turning of the regenerate
person away from sin and toward God in a complete
change of living, which reveals itself in a new way of
thinking, feeling, and willing. (Hoekema, 127)
• Repentance = God’s work (2 Tit 2:25) and our
response (Acts 17:30)
• Repentance continues through the Christian life. |
|
|
Term
| Coversion: faith in the NT and OT |
|
Definition
• The NT uses the noun/verb for faith (pistis/pisteuein)
about 240 times. It’s an essential aspect of
conversion – and of the Christian life.
• In the OT, the word “faith” is less frequently used to
describe the attitude of faith than in the NT – but
the idea is referenced frequently and paraphrased
often. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Abram: believed (hemin) the LORD, and he credited
it to him as righteousness. (Gen 15:6)
• I trust (bātach) in you; do not let me be put to
shame, (Ps 25:2)
• I will take refuge (chāsāh) in the shadow of your
wings until the disaster has passed. (Ps 57:1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• At one point, Paul declares: Now that this faith has
come, we are no longer under a guardian. (Gal 3:25)
– Faith = Jesus Christ the promised Messiah
28 For we hold that one is justified by faith apart from
works of the law. (Rom 3:28)
8 For by grace you have been saved through faith. And
this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a
result of works, so that no one may boast. (Eph 2:8-9)
16 "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only
Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish
but have eternal life. (Joh 3:16) |
|
|
Term
| Summary of faith in OT and NT? |
|
Definition
• Faith in OT: Trust in God and his promise – which
takes various forms: promised deliverance (Gen
3:15); promised children (Gen 15:6); promise of
refuge or protection (Psalms).
• Faith in NT: Takes a more concrete form. “It is
acceptance of a body of truth on the basis of
testimony of the apostles and others who
transmitted the testimony, and a personal trust in
Christ as Savior.” (Hoekema, 134)
• “If faith in the Old Testament is saying Amen to God,
faith in the New Testament is saying Amen to the
gospel.” (Hoekema, 135) |
|
|
Term
| Faith: Nature of Saving Faith |
|
Definition
• “A firm and certain knowledge of God’s benevolence
toward us, founded upon the truth of the freely
given promise in Christ, both revealed to our minds
and sealed upon our hearts through the Holy Spirit.”
(John Calvin)
• In reaction to medieval/Roman emphasis on
intellectual, uninformed, and implicit faith…
• Three Elements Emphasized by Protestants:
1. Knowledge – The facts about God, ourselves, Christ
2. Assent – Believing those facts are true
3. Trust – Resting in the fact that Christ has done this for us |
|
|
Term
| Faith: Protestant Tradition |
|
Definition
“a deep-rooted assurance, created in me by the Holy
Spirit through the gospel, that… not only others, but I
too, have had my sins forgiven, have been made forever
right with God, and have been granted salvation.”
(Heidelberg, Q21) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Faith: Turning to Christ in belief and trust.
(Demarest, 264)
• Faith: Response to God’s call by the acceptance of
Christ with the total person. (Hoekema, 140)
• Faith = God’s work (Eph 2:8) and our response (Acts
16:31)
• Faith continues through the Christian life |
|
|
Term
| conversion order...of faith |
|
Definition
1. Arminian – prevenient grace, repentance/faith,
regeneration, obedience…
2. Moderate Calvinist – effectual call, repentance/faith,
regeneration…
3. Stronger Calvinist – effectual call/regeneration,
repentance/faith |
|
|
Term
| Lordship & Free Grace Debate |
|
Definition
• Lordship
– One must both trust in Christ as Lord and Savior
– Assurance is found by looking at one’s self and observing
their good works
• Free Grace
– One must trust in Christ as Savior (not necessarily Lord
and not necessarily repent)
– Assurance is found by looking away from one’s self at the
objective promises of Scripture |
|
|
Term
| Now on to Justification.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I hated that word “righteousness of God,” [Rom 1:17]
which, according to the use and custom of all the
teachers, I had been taught to understand
philosophically regarding the formal or active
righteousness, as they called it, with which God is
righteous and punishes the unrighteous sinner…
At last, by the mercy of God, meditating day and night,
I gave heed to the context of the words, namely, “In it
the righteousness of God is revealed, as it is written,
‘He who through faith is righteous shall live.’” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There I began to understand that the righteousness of
God is that by which the righteous lives by a gift of
God, namely by faith. And this is the meaning: the
righteousness of God is revealed by the gospel, namely,
the passive righteousness with which merciful God
justifies us by faith, as it is written, “He who through
faith is righteous shall live.” Here I felt that I was
altogether born again and had entered paradise itself
through open gates. There a totally other face of the
entire Scripture showed itself to me. (Preface to Latin
Writings) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sola Gratia – Grace alone
• Sola Christus – Christ alone
– The “righteousness of God” = Christ’s righteousness
– Righteousness = a status given to sinners
– Justification = a declaration of righteousness
– Not actively achieved, but passively received
– An imputation of Christ’s righteousness
– An alien righteousness – belonging to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Simul iustus et peccator – at the same time righteous
and a sinner
– The believer is declared righteous in Christ
– Yet they still battle against sin and temptation
– Thus we are saved-sinners – both a sinner and a saint
“If someone cuts with a rusty and rough hatchet, even
though the worker is a good craftsman, the hatchet leaves
bad, jagged, and ugly gashes. So it is when God works
through us.” (LW, 31.4, 41) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exception (to make): “Those who lead many to
righteousness will shine like stars for ever and ever.”
(Dan 12:3)
Norm (to declare): If there is a dispute between men
and they go to court, and the judges decide their case,
and they justify the righteous and condemn the wicked.
(Deu 25:1)
He who justifies the wicked and he who condemns the
righteous, both of them alike are an abomination to the
LORD. (Pro 17:15) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“This man… went home justified before God.” (Luke
18:14)
by Him [Jesus] everyone who believes is justified from
all things from which you could not be justified by the
law of Moses. (Act 13:38)
Who will bring a charge against God's elect? God is the
one who justifies; who is the one who condemns?
(Rom 8:33-34) |
|
|
Term
| Justification: Rom 3:21-28 |
|
Definition
21 But now the righteousness of God has been manifested
apart from the law, although the Law and the Prophets bear
witness to it--
22 the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ
for all who believe. For there is no distinction:
23 for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God,
24 and are justified by his grace as a gift, through the
redemption that is in Christ Jesus,
25 whom God put forward as a propitiation by his blood,
to be received by faith. This was to show God's
righteousness, because in his divine forbearance he had
passed over former sins. |
|
|
Term
| Justification: Rom 3:21-28 |
|
Definition
26 It was to show his righteousness at the present time, so
that he might be just and the justifier of the one who has
faith in Jesus.
27 Then what becomes of our boasting? It is excluded. By
what kind of law? By a law of works? No, but by the law of
faith.
28 For we hold that one is justified by faith apart from
works of the law |
|
|
Term
| Justification: Rom 3:21-28 |
|
Definition
1. The doctrine of justification by faith has its roots in
the OT.
2. Justification is appropriated by faith.
3. The necessity for this justification.
4. The basis for justification is the atoning work of
Christ.
5. Justice is truly met through justification. |
|
|
Term
| Justification: Some Objections |
|
Definition
1. What about James 2:14-26?
2. Isn’t this a legal fiction? |
|
|
Term
| Justification: The Overall Concept |
|
Definition
1. The reality of God’s wrath.
2. Justification as a declarative/judicial act of God not a
process.
3. Justification received by faith alone.
4. Justification rooted in union with Christ
5. Justification is based on the substitutionary work of
Christ.
6. Justification involves the imputation of Christ’s
righteousness to us. |
|
|
Term
| definition of Justification? |
|
Definition
God’s gracious and judicial act where he declares believing
sinners righteous on the basis of the righteousness of Christ
which is credited to them, forgives their sins, adopts them as
children, and gives them the right to eternal life.
(Hoekema, 172) |
|
|
Term
| Explain the New perspective on Justification? |
|
Definition
• Luther read Paul in a Reformation context, not a 2nd
Temple Jewish context, and saw Paul arguing against:
individual works based salvation
• Historical research shows first century Jews didn’t
teach individual works based salvation (legalism):
– “works of the law” = food laws and circumcision (don’t use
as badge/social barrier)
– covenantal emphasis: it’s about staying in not getting in
(ecclesiology not soteriology)
– Justification = not just “transfer terminology” but includes
ongoing and future elements (current righteousness)
– Paul’s focus is resurrection not justification
– Upshot: Much more of corporate/social emphasis |
|
|
Term
| Responses to the new Perspective? |
|
Definition
• Some Responses:
– Helpful in its emphasis on corporate/social dimensions of
salvation
– Also good in its historical work showing that first century
Jews didn’t rampantly write/teach salvation by works
– Less helpful on the way it uses corporate/social aspects to
screen out individual ones
• Are the individual aspects also true, and if so where are they taught in
Paul/NT?
– Also problematic in assuming that we can judge first century
Jews (or anyone) by their writings not by their hearts
• Is the default mode of the human heart works based righteousness?
– Cautionary tale? Historical research can only do so much,
you need to consider theological questions as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to be adopted as a child of God? |
|
Definition
“our being placed in the status of sons and daughters of
God, and therefore becoming entitled to all the
privileges that go with that status.” (Hoekema, 185) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• NT word is huiothesia
• Difference between our adoption and Christ’s
sonship:
“Christ alone is the eternal, natural Son of God; but we are
children of God by adoption, through grace, for his [Christ’s]
sake.” (Heidelberg, Q33)
• Difference between God as father of believers and
father of creation.
See how great a love the Father has bestowed on us, that we
would be called children of God; and such we are. (1Jo 3:1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
he predestined us for adoption as sons through Jesus
Christ, according to the purpose of his will, to the
praise of his glorious grace, with which he has blessed
us in the Beloved. (Eph 1:5-6) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4 But when the fullness of time had come, God sent
forth his Son, born of woman, born under the law, to
redeem those who were under the law, so that we
might receive adoption as sons. And because you are
sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts,
crying, "Abba! Father!" So you are no longer a slave,
but a son, and if a son, then an heir through God. (Gal
4:4-7)
For you did not receive the spirit of slavery to fall back
into fear, but you have received the Spirit of adoption
as sons, by whom we cry, "Abba! Father!" The Spirit
himself bears witness with our spirit that we are
children of God, and if children, then heirs--heirs of
God and fellow heirs with Christ, provided we suffer
with him in order that we may also be glorified with
him. (Rom 8:15-17)
23 And not only the creation, but we ourselves, who
have the firstfruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly as we
wait eagerly for adoption as sons, the redemption of
our bodies. (Rom 8:23) |
|
|
Term
| What are the implications of Adoption? |
|
Definition
• We now have the right to approach the throne of
grace with confidence (Heb 4:16; 1 Jo 5:14)
• We enjoy the blessings of God’s protection and care
(Matt 6:25-34; 1 Pet 5:7)
• The struggles we suffer under are not punishment
for sins but father discipline (Heb 12:5-11)
• We are sealed by the Holy Spirit and thus kept by
the power of God (2 Cor. 1:22; Eph 1:13; 4:30) |
|
|
Term
| What are the implications of justification? |
|
Definition
• Assurance: We can rest in our salvation
– Promises of Scripture (John 4:14; 5:24)
– Inner-witness of the Spirit (Rom 8:16; Gal 4:6)
– Our lives (1 Jo 2:3, 5; 3:24)
• Peace: Guilt has been taken by Christ
– Rom 8:1; Col 2:14
• Balance: Need not be fearful or prideful
– simul iustus et peccator |
|
|
Term
| Now moving on to Sanctification... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sin: Low view of sin (mistakes/bad examples) and a
high view of human ability (God-given = grace)
• Process: Focus on the teaching, examples, and ideals
of Jesus
• Obstacles to growth/fulfillment: political, social,
economic
• Result: You have the ability, follow Christ’s ideals,
work toward personal/political/social/economic
change [human only] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sin: Sometimes semi-Augustinian (sick, not dead)
• Grace: Sacraments of the church must be partaken
(baptism, confirmation, Eucharist, penance, last rites)
• Process: Not seen as “works based”, but as mediation
of grace by church
• Theologically: Justification = Sanctification (infused
grace)
• Obstacles to growth: missing the church sacraments
• Result: God provides the means of your
sanctification in the church, you must cooperate
[God & man] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sin/grace: Sin is total, but we are partially restored
by prevenient grace – fully in second grace (remove)
• Process: Sanctification begins at new birth, but is
perfected at an instantaneous second work of grace
(second blessing, perfect love, full salvation); processcrisis-process
• Theologically: Justification (necessary) / Sanctification
(not strictly necessary)
• Obstacles to growth: personal lapse in holiness
• Result: God provides the means of your
sanctification, you must cooperate [God & man] |
|
|
Term
| Sanctification: Pentecostal |
|
Definition
• Sin/grace: Sin is total, but we are partially restored
by prevenient grace – fully in second grace (remove)
• Process: Sanctification begins at new birth, but is
come in fully through a later Spirit baptism (crisis)
that often allows for future fillings of the Spirit
(perfection?)
• Theologically: Justification (necessary) / Sanctification
(typically not strictly necessary)
• Obstacles to growth: quenching the Spirit
• Result: God provides the means of your
sanctification, you must cooperate [God & man] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sin/grace: Sin is total, but we can exercise faith (call),
and we should seek the victorious life (counteract)
• Process: Sanctification begins at new birth
(positional), it comes in more fully post-conversion
(surrender/crisis), it is complete in the future (final)
• Theologically: Justification (necessary) / Sanctification
(not strictly necessary)
• Obstacles to growth: two parts– spiritual man v.
carnal man
• Result: God provides the means of your
sanctification, you must cooperate [God & man] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Sin/grace: Sin is total, grace is individual/special
• Process: Sanctification begins at new birth (positional
– Spirit fully comes) and is a progressive work over
life (process – walking by the Spirit)
• Theologically: Justification (necessary) / Sanctification
(necessary)
– Justification is the ground of God’s work
– Sanctification is the outworking = no works-righteousness
• Obstacles to growth: two inclinations – flesh/spirit
• Result: God grounds and initiates sanctification, you
respond [God & man] |
|
|
