-human population size

-rate of resource consumption

carrying capacity

-resource availability

-competing species

-predators & disease

-habitat condition

biophysical factors:

resource availability

-waste accumulation

social factors:

-education

-economic status

-ethnicity

range of different types of organisms and biological species in a given area

-genetic diversity

-species diversity

-habitat diversity

-mutation

-natural selection

-geographic isolation

-genetic drift

errors that occur in DNA replication; ultimate source of genetic diversity

genes that produce better fitness come to dominate the population=survival of the fittest

1st result=origin of new species

2nd result=origin of new species

-evolution via natural selection produces different adaptions in different places

-isolated species become different and can no longer interbreed, thus becoming different species=geographic speciaton

random events, independent of ability to survive or reproduce (ex:stepping on ants or a natural disaster)

-this can substantially change small populations (hunted northern elephant seal)

measuring biodiversity

species richness=total number of species (through this you can determine what plants are native to the area and will grow there, thus recovering the area...S.Pau in Hawaii)

species evenness= relative abundance of species

species dominance=most abundant species

1)mutualism(symbiosis)-both benefit(ex:bird&flower)

2)predation/parasitism-one benefits,one is harmed(ex:owl eating bird or tick)

3)competition-both harmed(ex:squirrels)

the most endangered forests, contain a high level of endemism and are threatened from habitat loss(mostly in tropics)

native, only found in one place

*thats why biodiversity hotspots are so important to protect because if that area is ruined then so is the endemic species, forever

occurs on abiotic substance

-cooled lava

-glacial retreat

-newly exposed soil

reestablishment of an ecosystem on formerly occupied ground

ex:after a natural disaster or an abandoned farm...Mt St Helens

-facilitation

-interference

-life history differences(tolerance)

-chronic patchiness

primary producers

rate of synthesis of organic matter

(production of organic matter before use)

gross primary production - respiration

*rate of appearance of new organic matter

creating a new ecosystem by clearing land for agriculture

-differs from natural ecosystems:

1)prevents succession(we mainly farm for early successional species)

2)crop plants grown in monoculture(decrease biodiversity)

3)neat rows with neighbors in contact

4)food webs are simplified

5)plowing has no counterpart in nature

6)biotechnology

-utilitarian reasons

-ecological reasons

-aesthetic reasons

-moral reasons

-cultural reasons

keystone species- a species that is essential for a habitat to survive(ex:sea otter or do-do bird germinating tree seeds through their feces)

-redundancy=stability(you have 4 species spreading seeds or some activity and then 3 species die out, well the activity no longer gets done)

-art

-music

-biophilia: humans need nature(patients near windows heal faster)

-US Endangered Species Act

-doesnt every being have a right to survive??

-habitat destruction(species richness relative to area, island biogeography, biodiversity hotspot)

-pollution

-overexploitation

-disease

-Emergency measures(increased enforcement of laws, captive propagation)

-maintain minimum viable populations(500-1000 breeding individuals at all time)

-maintain habitats of minimum viable area

-restore degraded habitats

-establish linkages between habitats

-obtain essential ecological info

-maintain legal protection

-CONTROL AND AVOID TRANSPORT OF NON-NATIVE SPECIES

naturalized

non-native, able to colonize new areas(often lack natural copetitors, predators, parasites)

-ex:Guam brown tree snake killed off bird species in Guam

-Avian malaria in Hawaii killed off birds

-Zebra Mussell from Europe- probably came through ballast water of ships, they colonize all over surfaces (and in pipes) and eat ALOT of phytoplankton

-decimate native species populations

-decimate crop plants

-promote fire

-alter hydrologic conditions

-hinder utility services

EARLY DETECTION is key

-biological control (aka bringing in the invasive species predator) risky

-melting of glaciers and polar ice caps

-thermal expansion of water

(effects- rice fields in asia will flood, cities will lose land to ocean and coastal wetlands will go underwater)

-sediment samples allow scientists to identify pollen richness of the past and create seasonal records

-study of 1700 species: avg movement of 6.1 km/decade

--issues with the moth larvae

-crops wont shift well to higher latitudes because there is typically less land & less fertile land

-epidemic potential:malaria, if temps rise, that means mosquitoes can survive in more areas and thus spread malaria in more areas

UP: Size & Connectivity

DOWN: Habitat Fragmentation & Edge Effects

a voluntary, legally binding agreement that limits certain types of uses or prevents development from taking place on a piece of property now and in the future, while protecting the propery's ecological or open-space values

-Nature Conservancy hold tons of land this way

-taxbreak

-protects land into the future

-maintain ownership

Protect Rainforests because:

biodiversity

water

keeps things cool(global warming)

medicine

forests prevent erosion(form of flood control)

-Harvest (aka overharvesting)

-Habitat Degradation (some fishing methods destroy habitats)

-Hatchery operations(dilute genetic diversity, outcompete wild fish by volume & vector for disease)

-Hydroelectric (blades of turbine kill the fish or disassociate them, dams create still water)

functions:

-flood control(absorbs rain and overflow)

-groundwater refreshing(nutrient refreshing)

-storm protection(New Orleans)

-migratory birds home

solution:

-protection

-restoration

-mitigation(cram score)