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the Cherokee leader from Georgia
protested Georgia legislature that annexed Cherokee land within state borders
put together a petition together protesting the treaty of New Echota, that more than 3/4ths of the tribe signed
ended up participating in the Trail of Tears |
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inventor of the cotton gin
strengthened the economic foundation of slavery
transformed short cotton into a profitable crop |
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accepted racially justified slavery as a necessary labor system
reliance on slaves strengthened the independence and equality of whites
they believed their labor to be too necessary and their numbers too numerous for exclusion to be an option |
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| published by Harriet Beecher and Lydia Sigourney urging women of the United States to combine piety and politics, prayers and exertions, to avert the calamity of Indian removal |
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Maryland argued that Congress lacked the constitutional authority to charter a national bank
this came up when the Second Bank objected to Maryland imposing a tax within state borders on notes coming from a Baltimore branch of the Second Bank
Maryland lost and this established the dominance of the Second Bank over any state banks |
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| abolitionist who first favored colonization and opposed removal, but after the removal bill passed he began channeling his energies into opposing colonization and becoming an immediatist |
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an antiannexationist in the context of the Mexican War, therefore involving the annexation of Texas a new state
elected into Congress by an alliance of Independent Democrats, Liberty Men, and anti-slavery Whigs |
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a monthly periodical of collected works by female textile workers
organized by Reverend Abel Charles Thomas
used to report on the conditions of their lives |
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a utopian experiment of communal living formed by former Unitarian minister George Ripley, inspired by Transcendentalism
balancing work and leisure, working together in order to leave time for scholarly pursuits |
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a free black militant who, in 1829, published an appeal for slaves to rebel against their masters
also elevate themselves through education and temperance |
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| a professor at the College of William and Mary who denounced every plan of black emancipation and deportation as impractical, despite his prediction that slavery was headed towards ultimate extinction (based on his study of the fall in importance of tobacco in Virginia, doesn't see the trend towards a rise in cotton as a crop) |
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formally known as the Tariff of 1828
taxed imported goods to protect Northern industries that were going out of business due to low prices
the South was harmed by having to pay taxes on goods that they did not produce, and the reduction of imports from Britain made it harder for Britain in turn to pay for cotton from the South |
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pro-slavery, pro-white
enshrined whiteness as the standard measure of citizenship and racial entitlement
proof of personal independence and public virtue |
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president of the Second Bank of the United States, which was a depository for government funds, issued bank notes
had enormous power by having a monopoly, control of credit
attempted to counter the actions of President Jackson when he tried to limit the control of the bank |
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Speaker of the House for three different terms as well as Secretary of State
the brain behind the American System, meant to enhance the powers of the National (Second) Bank and use tariff revenues to build roads and canals |
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New York's governor during the construction of the Erie Canal
persuaded legislature to finance waterway from tax revenues, tolls, and bond sales to foreign investors |
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the court case in 1832 that identified the Cherokee nation as a distinct community over which the laws of Georgia were null and void
this case arose in response to missionaries living in the Cherokee territory whom the state of Georgia wished to force to leave |
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a transcendentalist who published Woman in the Nineteenth Century in 1844, proclaiming that a new era was changing the relationships between men and women
women were capable just as men were of developing mystical relationships with God that gave them identity and dignity |
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a Cherokee who built a hideout in the North Carolina/ Tennessee area, served under the Chief Utsala to organize the Cherokee who remained in their territory against being captured
Upon being captured, Tsali and his brother killed 2 soldiers and escaped
General Scott demanded Tsali be turned in and he turned himself in only to be killed along with several brothers and sons |
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part of the American Fourierist movement, created by French reformer Charles Fourier, who predicted the decline of individualism and capitalism
in Fourier's ideal Fourierist society, men and women would work in cooperative groups (phalanxes)
this is part of a socialistic system meant to free men and women |
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| theologian from Yale University who recast and energized Calvinist doctrine into the New Haven Theology during the Second Great Awakening |
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strong sense of moral purpose
used her grandparents' resources to set up charity schools
wrote books on moral improvement
established separate state hospitals for the mentally insane
encouraged the improvement of state hospitals and prisons |
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| a group of women in 1847 led by Lucretia Mott who organized in Philadelphia where they sought to right moral wrongs in their community (morally corrupt women, capital punishment, etc) through institutions. An important quest was to help prostitutes break their cycle of poverty |
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| president of Yale University in 1795, who hoped to rid the school of its reputation for irreligion and radical foreign politics |
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an anti-slavery Jacksonian who defended abolitionism and believed in the alliance of "the cotton bale and the bank note", the idea that the slave power of the South and the banking power of the North would unite to run the country
both wanted "to live upon the unrequited labor" |
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| a compact made by President Thomas Jefferson and the state of Georgia promising to remove the Cherokee nation from the state, giving their land titles back to the State of Georgia |
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society that worked to make conditions on the Erie Canal better for the boatsmen who worked on the canal after it was constructed
they believed that the moral obscurities of the boatsmen were caused by their breaking of the Sabbath
established 1838
built churches along the canal to encourage fostering a religious community |
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a lawyer and commissioner of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
wrote the William Penn Essays, which detailed past treaties between the Southeast Indians and the United States that had established the Indians as legal possessors of their remaining lands
he argued that forced removal constituted a grave legal breach
these essays were read by half a million people during the summer of 1829 |
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founded in 1828, the first labor union
promoted free public education
universal male suffrage
against the Jacksonians in that they wanted tax-supported schools
disintegrated for reasons involving absorption by other parties, lack of experience in leadership, etc. |
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a Presbyterian minister during the Second Great Awakening
Irish extraction
his use of camp meetings brought the awakening to the masses outside of urban populations |
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part of the temperance movement, which quickly drew in a large number of women who began to realize their own growing need for the ballot, and soon this movement became a movement for women's suffrage
Bloomer wrote The Lily, which reflects the growing connection between the temperance movement and the emerging recognition by women of the value of suffrage |
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agency designed to handle issues related to the states' artificial waterways
made most of the decisions about building, funding, and managing the canal
extremely accessible to ordinary men and women
handled petitioning for compensation of peoples' lands that were destroyed or taken during the canal construction
occupational flexibility--people having different jobs due to constant relocation around the canal |
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a historian who published The Age of Jackson in 1945, which focused on the working class as a source of energy in Jacksonian democracy
they were seeking for more economic control in a time where the economy was dominated by business interests
a continuing struggle between liberalism and conservatism
the Second Bank was attacked because it did not have popular control and symbolized an alliance between the business community and the federal government |
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defender of black suffrage
he thought that, through letting the free blacks know that they are part of the body politic, they will feel an attachment to a form of government and have a fixed interest in the prosperity of the communtiy |
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led by Lyman Beecher in the 1820s-30s, boycotted shipping companies that did business on Sundays and campaigned to ban games and festivals on Sundays
believed the market revolution was responsible for the degradation of Sundays |
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| What characterized the revivals on the frontier? How did they differ from those in the urban northeast? |
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-the emotional display of the Camp Meetings in the South
-challenging the existing structures of authority, an upsurge from the lower and middle class Southerners
-Evangelicals against slavery |
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| What was the New Haven Theology? |
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This theology put a fresh emphasis on the individual's rejection of personal sing and the struggle to attain God's merciful grace
men and women of all classes had their own individual religious experiences and denominations began rivaling each other in society (especially Methodists and Baptists) |
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| How did revivalism both challenge and support the southern slaveholding order? |
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-Methodists denounced slavery as contrary to the laws of God, man, and nature, and while they claimed it was contrary to the laws of moral justice, they still eventually gave up trying to end slaveholding
-Evangelicals developed a doctrine providing slaveholders with a set of religious and moral imperatives reinforcing the slaveholder's claims to supremacy while also making slaves subordinates |
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| How did revivalism lead to reform in the North? |
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-reformation of a Moral Society
-salvation a matter of individual regeneration
-Presbygationals, the Presbyterians and Congregationalists who formed moral groups including the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance---> desecration of the Sabbath |
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| How was the reform impulse shaped by the experience of American women in the 1830s and 1840s? |
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| Lucretia Mott's idea that moral force alone could be relied on to resist evil |
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peace is the natural instinct of humans
instead of passivity, peace is something that must actively be achieved through faith, optimism, determination, firmness, etc.
Free Produce--moral correction |
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| What explains the attack on Philadelphia Hall in 1838? |
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| those against racial amalgamation (social interaction between races) that they knew would be happening when blacks and whites were to meet at the hall to discuss Anti-Slavery |
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| What were the main arguments put forth by opponents of the Removal? |
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violation of legal treaties (the William Penn Essays)
also the Indians made an effort to integrate into white society, especially through agricultural practices |
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| what were the main strategies and tactics of those opposed to the Removal? |
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| massive outpouring of pamphlets and petitions (John Ross, Jeremiah Evarts, Catharine Beecher) |
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| What was the influence of Indian Removal on the reform efforts of abolitionists? |
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opposing the Indian Removal caused many to rethink their stand on slavery, and in some cases ultimately reject African colonization in favor of immediatism
some colonizationists-->antiremovalists were Elizur Wright, Jr and William Llyod Garrison |
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| Define moral suasion as a tactic of reform |
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| women were viewed as inherently moral and were to instruct by example and to participate in movements for social or moral change. Moral suasion was the chosen means for those who sought nothing less than the transformation of the public soul, conformed both to women's supposed qualities and to the nature of their access to those in power. |
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| Describe the shifting context of reform from moral suasion to electoral means and institutional settlings |
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voting became seen as an essential tool to social change
women began to realize their limited role in the political sphere, especially as their quest for moral change started to take the form of institutional change
female influence was threatened by the presence of elections |
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| Who was Abby Hopper Gibbons and what does she illustrate? |
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turned to institutional contexts in which to achieve her benevolent ends, especially in womens' prisons and childrens' aid centers
she represents the growing trend towards institutional and legislative reform in order to achieve moral suasion |
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| What internal divisions did the threat of Removal create among the Cherokees? |
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| Those who resisted (John Ross) and those who saw it as a chance to culturally preserve themselves (Ridge and Boudinot) |
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| How have previous historians looked at Jacksonian democracy? |
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all found reason to honor Jacksonian democracy --> enthusiasm towards the working man, the farmer
After Schlesinger, Jr.'s book Age of Jackson, the public began to identify less and less positively with mass political movements, and then Jacksonian democrats were seen as rabble-rousing, self-interested, and manipulative |
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| On what ground do these historians base their hostility towards Democratic reform? |
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they consistently opposed efforts to tamper with southern slavery and supported legislative movements limiting the rights of free blacks in the North
they believed themselves to be the herrenvolk, master race, whose flattery of the white race was explicity anti-negro and pro-slavery |
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