Term
|
Definition
| in aerobic respiration, ________ is extracted from ___________. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _______ reactions do not use oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in glycolysis, ___ molecules of pyruvate are formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| net atp for aerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| net atp for anaerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
| glucose plus 6O2 yields 6co2 plus 6 h2o |
|
Definition
| in aerobic respiration, ___ + ___ ==> ___ + ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the initial stage of glycolysis DOES or DOES NOT require Energy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NAD is a _______ and becomes ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kreb cycle is also called the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # of atp from the third stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in alcoholic fermentation, the _______ is split from 2 pyruvate molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In lactate fermentation, NADH gives up ___ and ___ to two pyruvate molecules from glycolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes cells take up glucose easier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pancreas responds to glucose decline by secreting this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls whether cells use glucose as E or store it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too much glucose ends up as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| having a piece of one chromosome attaching to another can cause ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the standardized arrangement of all the chromosomes in a cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a human genetic disorder in which the body does not contain the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear division that occurs in somatic cells of multicelled eukaryotes, produces 2 identical cells, takes a haploid and makes a diploid cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions only in sexual reproduction and precedes the formation of gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule of dna and its proteins form one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of histone-DNA spool, a unit of structural organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the constricted region where the two chromatids are connected |
|
|
Term
| Mitosis, cytoplasmic division, and then interphase |
|
Definition
| constitute one turn of the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a cell is not dividing but preparing for mitosis |
|
|
Term
| there is a distinct nucleus, the chromosomes become double stranded, and centrioles are together inside the nucleus |
|
Definition
| during interphase of mitosis: 3 things occur |
|
|
Term
| Replicated Chromosomes condense, bipolar spindle forms, nuclear envelope breaks into vesicles, microtubules attach to chromatids |
|
Definition
| What happens during prophase? |
|
|
Term
| chromosomes line up at midline and centromeres (kinetichores) divide (Chromosome=> single stranded) |
|
Definition
| What happens during metaphase |
|
|
Term
| microtubules shorten and move chromosomes toward poles, cytokinesis begins |
|
Definition
| what happens during anaphase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of the cytoplasm is called? occurs during what stage? |
|
|
Term
| a chromosome set is gathered at each pole, cleavage furrow continues (cell plate forms), nuclear membrane reforms, etc, cytokinesis is complete and two new cells have formed |
|
Definition
| what happens during telophase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which chromosome are sex linked traits carried on? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of microtubules that grow or shrink as tubulin subunits are added or lost from their ends, it forms as microtubules grow toward each other from two poles until they overlap |
|
|
Term
| interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division |
|
Definition
| constitutes one turn of the cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| By the time a cell enters prophase, are it's chromosomes already duplicated? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is embedded in a centrosome and gives rise to flagellum or cilium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site where microtubules originate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at this stage, chromosomes are at their most tightly condensed form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what moves the sister chromatids apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dividing of the cytoplasm is performed through ________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal masses of cells that lost controls over how they grow and divide |
|
|
Term
| grow/divide abnormally, cytoplasm and plasma membrane become grossly altered, have weak capacity for adhesion, have lethal effects |
|
Definition
| Four chars of cancer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is there an interphase bw the two nuclear divisions in meiosis |
|
|
Term
| haploid gametes (n) because they only have one... but the original cell had TWO of each chromosome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in meiosis, each chromatid becomes a _________ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where does prophase 1 occur? |
|
|
Term
| mapping, they're crossing over |
|
Definition
| what is it called when chromosomes break and rejoin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| STUDY WHAT HAPPENS IN MEIOSIS 1 and 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diploid, meiosis- haploid |
|
Definition
| In mitosis, a _____ cell forms a ____ cells... in meiosis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this "gene swap" leads to recombinations among genes of homologous chromosomes and to variation in traits among offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when does crossing over occur |
|
|
Term
| replicated its chromosomes |
|
Definition
| a cell about to enter prophase has already done what |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the portions of DNA in the chromosomes that code for particular traits? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes in the same place on homologous chromosomes are called |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B and BO (blood) Which is pheno and which is geno |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does each gene have a specific location on each chromosome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| _____ is hwen each one has inherited nonidentical alleles for the trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A monohybrid cross uses F1 offspring that breed _____ for difft forms of a trait (_ _ X _ _ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in this test, an org shows dominance for a specified trait but its genotype is unknown (AA or Aa), so it is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual in a number of matings |
|
|
Term
| diploid; homologous; separated |
|
Definition
| Mendel's theory of seg. said that ______ cells have pairs of genes, on pairs of ______ chromosomes. The two genes of each pair are _____ during meiosis so they end up in difft gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a dihybrid cross, there is an experimental intercross between F1 dihybrids that are identically heterozygous for two pairs of genes (_ _ _ _ times _ _ _ _) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in dihybrid cross, what gametes are made? what are the gametes made? What is the F1 hybrid offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How many possible genotypes are made from the f2 offspring of a dihybrid cross? |
|
|
Term
| three, 3^n where n is the number of gene pairs, so if there were two gene pairs then it would be 9 |
|
Definition
| In a monohybrid cross for one gene pair, how many genotypes are possible and how is this rep'd? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What two blood types are co-dominant? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when alleles at a single locus may affect two or more traits in a good or bad way; a single gene affecting many characteristics |
|
|
Term
| one gene could have mutated in a number of ways, a gene product blocks some pathway or makes it run nonstop or not long enough, poor nutirtion |
|
Definition
| What can cause variations in genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is typical of a trait that shows continuous variation |
|
|
Term
| nondisjunction; sex chromosomes |
|
Definition
| when something that is supposed to separate doesn’t so one cell has an extra one and one cell is missing one; where is the greatest tolerance for this? |
|
|
Term
| chromosomes, hormones, receptors that read hormones |
|
Definition
| wat does it take to be a female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what kind of gametes could RRBB make |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a gene on one chromosome modifies the expression of another one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when more than one gene affects one characteristic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does a diploid chromosome have or lack the pairs of homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are all the different forms of a gene called (gene is hair color, _____ is blond, black, red, etc) |
|
|
Term
| wild-type allele, less common- mutant |
|
Definition
| what is a gene's most common type? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleles close together are more likely to cross over true or false? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| no- it is from environmental causes and infection |
|
Definition
| Is disease a heritable mutation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when gene sequences are repeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when part of gene sequence becomes oriented in the reverse direction (GHI to IHG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of a portion of a chromosome ABCDE to ABCE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a broken part of a chromosome is attached to a different chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells have one extra or one less choromosome- linked to mose miscarriages and is usually fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells have three or more of each type of chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one or more pairs of chromosomes don't separate as they should during mitosis or meisosis |
|
|
Term
| three chromosomes in 21 (trisomy) |
|
Definition
| what causes down's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| DNA and proteins; nucleotides (ACGTU); AA's |
|
Definition
| what makes up a chromosome? what makes up dna? what makes up proteins? |
|
|
Term
| griffith; develop a vaccine for pneumonia using disease reducing organisms but found that genetic makeup of bacteria changed; heat had killed the harmful cells but not their genetic material which showed how to kill a mouse |
|
Definition
| Who performed ammonia exp? and what was he trying to do? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virus that infects certain bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a base (AUCTG) |
|
Definition
| what makes up a nucleotide? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which nucleotides (bases) are paired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| said that only pathogenic dna was needed for transformation; dna may be genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looked at viruses affecting bacteria; protein went outside and nucleic acid went inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many bonds do AT have? GC? |
|
|
Term
| semiconservative replication |
|
Definition
| during dna replication, one side of the helix is hold and the other is the new and replicated side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the three base sequence is called a? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UUU, UUC- 64 in all, but only need 20 bc only 20 AA's |
|
Definition
| codes for phenylalanine; how many codes in all? (4 take 3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries the code for making the protein; moves to the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| there is one type of tRNA for each AA and each tRNA will only carry one type of AA true or falso |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA- one of its two strands during transcription; but separates to only be one strand but have the same sequence as DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence of bases in DNA that signals the start of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where do interactions bw tRNA and mRNA take place? |
|
|
Term
| initiation, elongation, and termination |
|
Definition
| three stages of translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reads the message during translation and attaches appropriate AA to gorwing chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What wouldbe blueprint? truck? site and crew that puts it together? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder caused by one change in one codon... gleotrophy??? |
|
|
Term
| DNA's double makes it easier to repair, and RNA does not replicate |
|
Definition
| why does RNA have only one strang? |
|
|
Term
| mRNA attaches to small subunit...combines with tRNA and bases are complimentary paird... anti codon??? subunit attaches |
|
Definition
| What happens during initiation |
|
|
Term
| tRNA- anticodon, mRNA- start codon- AUG |
|
Definition
| what two RNA's bind to the small subunit of the ribosome to begin initiation? which is the codon and which is the anticodon? |
|
|
Term
| it catalyzes peptide bond formation between the amino acids |
|
Definition
| How does the rRNA help during elongation? |
|
|
Term
| amino acids which create a polypeptide chain |
|
Definition
| In elongation, tRNA's deliver what to ribosomes which create what? |
|
|
Term
| the mRNA and the new polypeptide chain, the ribosome subunits separate from each other |
|
Definition
| During termination, what is released? |
|
|
