Term
| State the three principals of SCLOA |
|
Definition
1. Social and cultural environment influences behaviour.
2. Humans are social beings that feel the need to belong.
3. The social and cultural environment influences behaviour. |
|
|
Term
| State the different methods used in research in SCLOA, with relevant studies. |
|
Definition
Lab experiment, e.g Asch
Observations, e.g. Festinger |
|
|
Term
| State two studies where ethical violations have been violated |
|
Definition
| Milgram, Festinger, Asch, Zimbardo, Bandura and etc. |
|
|
Term
| State the difference between dispositional and situational factors, in attribution. |
|
Definition
Explaining a person’s behaviour in terms of factors which are specific to them in person such as their personality or other generally unchanging characteristics.
Explaining a person’s behaviour in terms of factors which are specific to them in person such as their personality or other generally unchanging characteristics. |
|
|
Term
| What is the FAE (Fundamental Attribution Error) |
|
Definition
| The tendency to overestimate one’s dispositional qualities rather than the situation itself. |
|
|
Term
| What is SSB (Self Serving Bias) |
|
Definition
| The tendency to take credit for successes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Social identity is the inbuilt tendency to categorise oneself into one or more ingroups. |
|
|
Term
| State the 3 basic concepts in SIT |
|
Definition
Social categorisation
Social identity stage
Social comparison stage |
|
|
Term
| State 3 studies related to SIT |
|
Definition
| Tajfel (1970, 1971) minimal group paradigm, dots and Kandinsky and Klee, Sherrif et al (1961) Robber's Cave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fixed and generalised idea or conception of a character or an idea that does not allow for any individuality and is often based on religious, social or racial prejudice. |
|
|
Term
| Define Illusionary correlations |
|
Definition
| Tendency to see a correlation, even when there is none, usually in minority groups. |
|
|
Term
| Define confirmation bias and a study related to it |
|
Definition
| The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories, (Hamilton and Gifford 1976) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory created by Albert Bandura, claiming that humans can learn by observation. (Bandura 1961) |
|
|
Term
| State all the steps in SLT |
|
Definition
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation |
|
|
Term
| State two studies related to SLT |
|
Definition
| Bobo-doll, Bandura (1961) and Gergely et al (2002) |
|
|
Term
| State two compliance techniques |
|
Definition
Door-in-the-face (Cialdini et al. 1975)
That's-not-all (Burger 1986)
Lowballing
Foot-in-the-door |
|
|
Term
| State research into conformity (min 2 studies) |
|
Definition
Asch 1951
Moscovici et al 1969
Zimbardo 1971 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of social influence in which individuals change their attitudes or behaviours to adhere to existing social norms. |
|
|
Term
| State the two types of conformity |
|
Definition
Informational conformity
Normative conformity |
|
|
Term
| State the factors that influence conformity (min 2 studies) |
|
Definition
Dissent
Social norm
Social approval
Group size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A set of specific rules, implicit or explicit, established by a social group to establish survival. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behaviour patterns that are typical of specific groups, often passed on through generation within a specific culture. |
|
|
Term
| Give examples of cultural dimensions |
|
Definition
Power distance
Individualism/collectivism
Time orientation
Masculinity/Femininity |
|
|
Term
| What is the emic approach? |
|
Definition
| The emic approach is the attempt to study a culturally specific phenomena without outside theories to test behaviours. It focuses on one specific culture and emphasises its differences and uniqueness in comparison to different cultures. |
|
|
Term
| What is the etic approach? |
|
Definition
| The etic approach, is outlined by comparing two or more cultures in a cross-cultural approach, usually with a theory from one particular culture (usually western) , can be used to find similarities and differences in different cultures however may attract cultural bias as what is right for a culture may be wrong for another. |
|
|
Term
| Studies related to Cultural Dimensions |
|
Definition
Asch, Bond and Smith
Bartlett (1932) Swazi Herdsmen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aim: Observe how people reacted in difficult situations, still conformed to social norms.
Procedure: 24 males from Stanford University were taken, played the role of either a prisoner or a guard. The independent variable (IV) were the roles of prisoner or guard, and the dependant variable (DV) was the observed behaviour through tapes.
Results: Guards → confident, aggressive, empowered, full of attitude. Prisoners→ passive, anxious, depressive |
|
|
Term
| Tajfel (1970 dots, 1971 Kandinsky and Klee) (Minimal groups paradigm) |
|
Definition
Aim: To demonstrate the minimal group paradigm in creating group bias.
Method: 64 schoolboys from Bristol were allocated into groups, though they were told it was on the basis of estimating the number of dots (over estimaters, under estimaters) or whether they preferred an artist from another (Kandinsky, Klee). They were told to allocate monetary rewards to both groups in matrix, either similar points, biggest difference, or maximising profits.
Results: Ppts mostly chose a point pair where the would have the biggest difference or maximise profits. Ingroup favouritism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aim: To investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform.
Procedure: Ppts put into a room with 7 other confederates. Asked to judge which line from a set of 3 is most similar to a different line shown in terms of length. Confederates were told to give incorrect answers that were obviously wrong. There was another condition where ppt could write answer, another where there’s a supporting confederate.
Results: 32% overall conformity rate. 74% conformed at least once, in other conditions the conformity lowered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This study was a meta analysis of 133 conformity studies of the Asch paradigm carried out in 17 countries. More conformity was obtained in collectivist countries such as Fiji, Hong Kong and Japan, less conformity was obtained in individualistic countries such as UK, USA and France. |
|
|
Term
| Sherif et al (1961) (Robber’s cave) |
|
Definition
Aim: Look at effects of group formations and how prejudices can be decreased by a common goal.
Procedure: 22 boys aged 11-12 were put into a camp for 3 weeks. 1st week → boys separated into two, made aware of each other. 2nd week → Competitions between the two groups. 3rd week → “emergencies” were made that forced the groups to be together, a common goal.
Results: Throughout the first week, boys formed ingroups SIT, second week they had category accentuation effect, ingroup favouritism and prejudice. The third week saw the boys’ prejudice decrease. |
|
|
Term
| Jones and Harris (1967) (Fundamental attribution error) |
|
Definition
Aim: To observe whether FAE occurs.
Procedure: Ppts told to read essays written by students, about Fidel Castro and the Cuban Missile Crisis. These essays were either for or against Castro and half were told that the essay writer had a choice on the essay (pro or con) and the other half told that the author didn’t have a choice.
Results: Free choice → ppts attributed correctly, No choice → some ppts still attributed some of the essay writers as pro Castro even though they weren’t. |
|
|
Term
| Johnson et al 1964 (Self serving bias) |
|
Definition
Aim: To observe SSB.
Procedure: Ppts, psychology students, taught 2 children to multiply by 10 and 20 by a one way intercom. There were 2 phases, after each phase ppts assess their student’s learning. A = gave right answers on both phases, B = fail then improve or fail again.
Results: When B fails then improve, ppts attributed their competence, SSB. When B fails twice, they attributed their student’s lack of ability. |
|
|
Term
| Hamilton and Gifford (1976) (Illusory correlation) |
|
Definition
Aim; To investigate illusory correlation of group size and negative behaviour.
Procedure: Ppts read desirable and undesirable traits (adjectives) about members of two groups, A and B. A had twice as many members than B (18 positive, 8 negative) B (9 positive, 4 negative). Ppts were then asked to attribute behaviours to the groups.
Results: Despite having the same ratio of positive and negative traits, ppts still attributed B with their undesirable traits as they are smaller, becoming more distinct. |
|
|
Term
| Bandura (1961) (Bobo Doll) |
|
Definition
| 36 boys and 36 girls from a Stanford nursery were ppts. There were 3 conditions, one with aggressive model, passive model and finally no model as a control. When brought to another room with the bobo doll, aggressive model → immediately started aggressively attacking the doll, passive model and no model → showed interest in the doll however did not attack the doll as much or even not at all. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infants see a model illuminating a light with a lightswitch with their head. Free hand → Baby ignored the model and used their hand to flip the switch. Full hand → Baby copied the model and used their head to illuminate the light. |
|
|
Term
| Cialdini et al (1975) (Door-in-the-face) |
|
Definition
Aim; To observe DITF
Procedure: 3 groups; control group 1: small favour, asked to escort juvenile delinquents to zoo. Control group 2: big favour, asked to spend 2 hrs per week counselling juvenile delinquents for 2 yrs. Experimental group: asked to be peer counsellors then escort juveniles, big favour to small.
Results: Large request: 0%, small request: 25%, DITF: 50%. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aim; To observe whether consistent minority can decrease conformity.
Procedure: Ppts only females. Placed in groups with 4 ppts and 2 confederated, shown 36 slides with different shades of blue. 3 groups, control: confederate didn’t disagree, inconsistent: conf. occasionally said green, consistent: conf. consistently said green.
Results: conformity: control → 1%, inconsistent → 8%, consistent → 32% |
|
|
Term
| Bartlett (1932) (Swazi Herdsmen) |
|
Definition
| Bartlett studied the phenomenon of Swazi herdsmen and their cows. Emic observation approach. Herdsmen had the ability to recall specific characteristics of each of their cows. Explanation to this was that in the Swazi culture, they relied heavily on the possession and care of the cows as they are part of their fortune. |
|
|
