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| Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology |
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Definition
| -the geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with church teachings and Scriptures. |
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| Francis Bacon (1561-1626} |
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Definition
| -inductive thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at truth. |
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| Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) |
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| -Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe. |
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| -The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny. |
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| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) |
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Definition
| -Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito, ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures. |
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| -The intellectual revolution of the eighteenth century in which the philosophes stressed reason, natural law, and progress in their criticism of prevailing social injustices. |
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| -Italian scientist who formulated terrestrial laws and the modern law of Inertia; he also provided evidence for the Copernican hypothesis. |
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| -The economic concept of the Scottish philosophe Adam Smith (1723-1790). In opposition to mercantilism, Smith urged governments to keep hands off the operation of the economy. He believed the role of government was analogous to the night watchman, guarding and protecting but not intervening in the operation of the economy, which must be left to run in accord with the natural laws of supply and demand. |
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| -English scientist who formulated the law of gravitation that posited a universe operating In accord with natural law. |
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| -Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason. |
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| Royal Society of London and French Academy of Sciences |
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| -Organized bodies for scientific study. |
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| -John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas. |
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| -Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind |
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| -An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding |
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| -Two Treatises on Government; Essay on Human Understanding. Montesquieu-Spirit of the Laws, Persian Letters |
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| -The Social Contract; Emile |
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| -Philosophical Letters; Candide |
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| -A Vindication of the Rights of Woman |
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