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| Ptolemaic/geocentric conception of universe |
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| the universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center. Composed of the material substances of earth, air, water, and fire, the earth was imperfect and constantly changing. |
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studied both mathematics and astronomy first at Krakow in his native Poland and later at the Italian universities of Bologna and Padua. Before he had left Italy he had become aware of the Ptolemaic, earth-centered conception of the universe.
Famous book- On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Heliocentric- sun-centered conception that would offer a simpler and more accurate explanation
He was very conservative.
Heliocentric ideas raised questions against Aristotle’s ideas |
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| On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres |
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| Puts the Heliocentric theory out in the public. He hesitated to release it but relented and managed to see a copy of it before his death. |
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| Danish nobleman. Was granted an island and on it he built a castle with a library which had instruments and observations that were designed for more precise astronomical devices. His observations on the movements on the planets and stars were the most precise at the time. He took an assistant by the name of Johannes Kepler. |
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| was designed for a career as a Lutheran minister. But, he fell under Germany’s best known astronomer and started to study his true interests, astronomy and mathematics. His work illustrates well the narrow line that often separated magic and science. Thought the universe was constructed in basic geometrical figures such as pyramids and that the human soul was mirrored in the numerical relationships existing between the planets. 3 laws of planetary motion defeated the idea of circular motion. |
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Discovered theory of gravity and invented calculus
(the universe could be explained through math.
• Taught mathematics
• First European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of telescope, thereby inaugurating a new age in astronomy
• The Starry Messenger-stunned his contemporaries and probably did more to make Europeans aware of the new picture of the universe than the mathematical theories of Copernicus and Kepler did.
• During a trip to Rome he received the name as a conquering hero by scholars.
• Was increasingly suspect by the authorities of the Catholic Church. |
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| Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems |
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| : Galileo’s most famous work. It was written in Italian rather than Latin, making it more widely available to the public. This work was seen as a defense of the Copernican system and was dragged once more before the Inquisition. He was found guilty and was forced to recant his errors. He was placed under house arrest and spent the remaining eight years of his life studying mathematics. |
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| • Son of an English farmer, his genius won him early recognition, and became a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University while still in twenties • Working independently of one another, both him and Leibniz, a German philosopher (Pangloss in Candide) and mathematician, discovered differential and integral calculus • Shared belief of other scientists that physical universe was governed by natural laws • Solved the one great unanswered question remaining from the work of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo: What is it that causes the planets, stars and other heavenly bodies to move in an orderly fashion? • Set forth explanation in LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION using mathematical proof (calculus) and published this all in his PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA (MATHEMATICAL PRINICPLES OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY) of 1687 which also contained laws of light and color, and of motion • His findings proposed a physical universe marked by balance, uniformity, rationality and harmony • his work provided the foundation of modern physics and would stand unmodified until the 20th century and the work of physicists such as Albert Einstein • Undoubtedly the greatest genius in the Age of Genius(17th century). |
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Latin for Hohenheim
• Revolutionized medicine > University of Basel
• Wild prophecies – mixture of scientist and charlatan
• Science still mixed up with occult at this time. |
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• Flemish physician
• Taught at University of Padua in Italy.
• Made careful dissections and founded the science of anatomy
• Published findings in Structure of the Human Body (DaVinci never published his work)
• The accepted anatomy of the human body until that time was Galen's (a Hellenistic Greek) - recorded in the 2nd century A.D.
• His work and teachings would influence subsequent medical scientists. |
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• An English physician who studied at the University of Padua
• Wrote On the Movement of the Heart and the Blood
• Established an understanding of the circulation of the blood and the structure and function of arteries and veins
• Later on, an Italian named Malpighi would discover the existence of capillaries |
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| Robert Boyle: (1627- 1691) |
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| was one of the first scientist to conduct controlled experiments. His pioneering work on the properties of gases led to Boyle’s law which states that the volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it. |
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| came from aristocratic backgrounds. She was a participant in the crucial scientific debates of her time. Despite her achievements, she was excluded from membership in the Royal Society. |
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| Maria Merian: (1647-1717) |
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| A good example of female involvement in the scientific revolution. She established a reputation as an important entomologists by the beginning of the eighteenth century. |
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| Maria Winkelmann: (1670-1720) |
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| She was educated by her father and uncle and received advanced training in astronomy from a nearby self-taught astronomer. She corresponded with the famous scientist, Gottfried Libniz. |
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| Arguments about women. The nature of women had been the subject of an on going, centuries-long debate. Male opinions were very important in these debates. |
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born into a family of the french lower nobility. He was an extremely important figure in Western history.
Perceived in one night the outlines of a new rational-mathematical system, with a sense of divine approval he made a new commitment to mind, mathematics, and a mechanical universe. French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher
•Discovered laws of optics and considered founder of analytic geometry
•Supported method of acquiring knowledge which proceeded from the general to specific-deductive. |
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| The absolute dualism is the difference between mind and body. Using mind or human reason, the path to certain knowlede and its best instrument, mathmatics. |
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| English philosopher and statesman Lord Chancellor of England for James I Wrote Advancement of Learning Popularized new scientific method of observation and experimentation Not trained or full-time scientist but kept up with astronomical debates and mathematical competitions of day Philosophical inclinations led him to consider science in his age and the timeless elements of the scientific approach |
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| Founding of knowledge on observation and experimentation or experience Avoids risk of fitting facts into preconceived patterns which may not apply The inductive method of acquiring knowledge results in an empirical approach and empiricism is very much the core of the scientific method |
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| Descartes’ rationalism and deductive logic: |
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| proposed a different approach to scientific methodology by emphasizing deduction and mathematical logic. Discourse on Method- each step in an argument should be as sharp and well founded as a mathematical proof. He then believed that one could start with self evident truths, comparable to geometric axioms and deduce more complex conclusions. |
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| evolved out of informal gatherings of scientists at London and Oxford in the 1640’s although it didn’t receive a formal character from King Charles II until 1662. A scientific society. |
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From family of refugee Portuguese Jews
Philosopher examining fundamentals of reality, human conduct, church, and state
Made living as lens grinder |
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| a french scientist who sought to keep science and religion united. A brilliant mathematician who invented a calculating machine. After a profound mystical vision he devoted the rest of his life to religious matters. Wrote "Pensees" |
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| Principles of Natural Philosophy |
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| the last highly influential book in Europe to be written in Latin. Newton spelled out the mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation. A culmination of the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. |
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