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Idea of John Locke
Individuals are born as a blank slate, and that their knowledge comes from experience and perception. |
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(b. 1642 - d. 1727)
English physicist and mathematician who wrote Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687). Laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics and calculus.
Laws of Motion, and Laws of Universal Gravitation |
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| literary men, scientists, and thinkers of 18th-century France who were united, in spite of divergent personal views, in their conviction of the supremacy and efficacy of human reason. |
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(b 1694 – d 1778)
French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. |
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Who said:
"we must crush the infamous thing"
about the established church? |
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| French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire. Was a social commentary initially in response to the Lisbon earthquake and also commented on other events, such as the 7 years war. |
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The belief, based solely on reason, in a God who created the universe and then abandoned it, assuming no control over life, exerting no influence on natural phenomena, and giving no supernatural revelation.
Developed during the Enlightenment |
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A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist known especially for his philosophical empiricism and skepticism.
A Treatise of Human Nature (1739) |
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| A German writer, philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic, and one of the most outstanding representatives of the Enlightenment era. |
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(b 1632 - d 1677)
Jewish Dutch philosopher. Wrote _Ethics_, in which he opposed Descartes's mind–body dualism. |
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(b 1729 - d 1786)
German Jewish philosopher to whose ideas the Haskalah (the 'Jewish enlightenment' of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries) is indebted. |
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| Wife of ambassador to Ottoman Empire. Wrote about inoculation against smallpox and rights of women in Ottoman Empire. |
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| Idea of Classical Economists that government should stay out of business. |
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| Scottish philosopher, father of free-market economics. Wrote __The Wealth of Nations__ |
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| Philosophe, major force behind _Encyclopedia_ |
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| a member of a school of political economists founded in 18th century France and characterized chiefly by a belief that government policy should not interfere with the operation of natural economic laws and that land is the source of all wealth |
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(b.1689 - d.1755)
French social commentator and political thinker during the Enlightenment. Believed in separation of powers. Wrote _The Spirit of the Laws_. Admired the English system. |
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(b. 1712 – d.1778)
Swiss philosopher (lived in France) who influenced the French Revolution, the treatment of children, and educational thought. Wrote _Emile, or On Education_ |
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__Of The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right__
(Sometimes referred to as only __The Social Contract__ |
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| Helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe, especially in France. Argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate; as Rousseau asserts, only the people, who are sovereign, have that all-powerful right. |
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| Idea of Thomas Hobbes that due to the depravity of human nature, people must give up some of their rights to a strong gov't in order to protect the stability of society. |
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(b. 1721 – d. 1764)
Official mistress of Louis XV at French Court. Defended Diderot's _Encyclopedia_ |
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| (1762) A treatise on the nature of education and on the nature of man written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Also gave advice on raising children and separate spheres for women. |
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| (b. 1759 – d. 1797) English writer, philosopher and advocate for women's writes. Wrote _A Vindication of the Rights of Woman_. Argued that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. Women should be educated |
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| 18th-century artistic movement and style. Reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque. Ornate and made strong usage of creamy, pastel-like colours, asymmetrical designs, curves and gold |
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| An architectural style that began in the mid-18th century, as a reaction against the Rococo style. Style principally derived from the architecture of Classical Greece & Rome. |
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(b. 1710 – d. 1774) French Monarch from the House of Bourbon whose policies damaged the monarchy and likely led in part to the French Revolution.
Key Events:
War of Austrian Succession
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Seven Years War |
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| (b. 1748 – 1825) French painter in the Neoclassical style. Example: _Drawing of the Tennis Court Oath_, _The Coronation of Napoleon_ |
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| Absolute monarchy or despotism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment. Examples: Charles III of Spain, Catherine the Great of Russia, Gustav III of Sweden, Frederick the Great of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, Louis XVI of France |
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| (b. 1712 - d. 1740) House of Hohenzollern - Leader of Prussia who had success in Seven Years War. Enlightenment influence evident when he reformed the military and government, established religious toleration and granted a basic form of freedom of the press. |
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| Joseph the Great of Austria |
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| (b. 1741 - d. 1790) Holy Roman Emperor from 1765 to 1790 and ruler of the Habsburg lands from 1780 to 1790. He was the eldest son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Francis I (bro to Marie Antoinette). Complete reform to legal system and abolition of serfdom, many other enlightened reforms |
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| collective domestic policies of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1765–1790). he attempted to legislate a series of drastic reforms to remodel Austria in the form of the ideal Enlightened state. This provoked severe resistance from powerful forces within and outside of his empire, but ensured that he would be remembered as an "enlightened ruler." |
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| (b. 1729 - d. 1796) leader of Russia who expanded border, and included some enlightened reforms before a rebellion challenged her power. |
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| (aka: geocentric system) placed the Earth as a stationary object around which heavenly bodies moved, while the stars were fixed in their orbits. |
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| Theory that the sun is at the center of the Universe, first proposed by Copernicus (1473-1543) |
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| Planetary orbits within an orbit - idea formed within the Ptolemaic Systems to cope with the problem of observing planetary orbits in relation to the stars (sometimes appearing to go backwards). |
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| (aka: inductive reasoning) Bacon's idea that rather than rely on tradition, it was necessary to examine evidence from nature and observation. |
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| (b. 1561 - d. 1626) English lawyer and gov't official, contributed to the idea of experimental methodology - inductive reasoning/empiricism. _Novum Organum_, _The Advancement of Learning_ |
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| (b. 1596 - d. 1650) seen in some ways as the anti-Bacon. Believed in deductive reasoning (aka: rationalism) - using reason to go from a general principle to a specific principle. |
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Who said:
"I think, therefore I am"
meaning you should strip away his belief in everything except his own existence. |
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| (b. 1588 - d. 1679) witnessed the atrocities of the English Civil War, believed that due to depravity of human nature, it was necessary for absolutism. Wrote _Leviathan_ |
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who said:
life without government was "nasty, brutish, and short" |
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| (b. 1632 - d. 1704) wrote _Two Treatises on Government_, Natural/Inalienable Rights, Tabula Rasa |
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| Founded in 1660, for the study of the new natural sciences |
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| (b. 1623 - d. 1673) An English aristocrat, a prolific writer, and a scientist. A significant female figure of the Enlightenment. |
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| (b. 1610 - d. 1664) an accomplished German astronomer, and one of the most notable female astronomers of the modern era. |
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| (b. 1670 - d. 1720) a German astronomer, and one of the first famous astronomers of her period. Observed the Aurora Borealis. |
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| (b. 1706 – d. 1749) a French mathematician, physicist, and author. Her crowning achievement is considered to be her translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica. Also Voltaire's mistress. |
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| (b. 1623 – d. 1662) a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. _Pensees_ Became involved with the Jansenists. |
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| "Let us weigh the gain and the loss in wagering that God is. Let us estimate these two chances. If you gain, you gain all; if you lose, you lose nothing." |
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| a Latin term meaning "wrongdoing" or "mischief" and is used to describe malevolent, dangerous, or harmful magic, "evildoing," often used to describe witchcraft. |
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| The 8 festivals sometimes referred to in witchcraft or pagan beliefs (Midwinter/yule, imbol, vernal equinox, beltane, midsummer, lammas, autumnal equinox, samhain) |
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| folk healers (aka: white witches) that practiced folk medicine and folk magic. |
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| A period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe (ex: Rubens, Bernini, Versailles) |
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| philosophical stances wherein all phenomena or hypotheses commonly labeled as supernatural are either false or not inherently different from natural phenomena or hypotheses. |
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| (b. 1598 - d. 1680) an Italian artist and a prominent architect who worked principally in Rome. He was the leading sculptor of his age, credited with creating the Baroque style of sculpture. |
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| (b. 1571 - d. 1610) Italian artist whose paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, had a formative influence on the Baroque school of painting |
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| (b. 1577 - d. 1640) Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an extravagant Baroque style that emphasised movement, colour, and sensuality. He is well known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects |
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