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| a conclusion made about something based on observation or previous knowledge |
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| used to prove a hypothesis must have a control group and must only be testing one thing ata time |
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| never rely on a single source of information |
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| if you wish to form a hypothesis based on anothers result you must first replicate their experiment with same result |
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| spontaneous generation (1668) wanted to disprove it |
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| life can be formed from nothing (maggots and the meat) |
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| disproved spontaneous generation with his several shaped bottles |
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| make up light, only some waves are visible |
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| what are the key concepts of evolution |
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| variation in population, variation is inherited, natural selection, diversity |
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| an opposite hypothesis that should provide the same result and be disproven by the regular hypothesis |
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| species developed traits and physical characteristics that helped them survive |
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| theory or evolution, natural selection and survival of the fittest |
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| states that humans evolved from lower forms in order to survive |
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| species had to adapt in order to survive, several finches with different beaks based upon food supply |
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| what aspects of an infectious disease spread? |
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| bacteria, virus, fungus, pathogen |
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| dna and rna in some kind of package. can not divide, spreads by infecting other cells |
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| break into several bacteria (asexual). kills healthy cells |
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| recessive genetic blood disorder results from a mutation in the hemoglobin gene |
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| hereditary material in humans and almost all organisms, located in the nucleus, made up of chemical structures A T G C , a protein and a sugar, shaped as a double helix |
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| an enzyme that copies dna |
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| when there is an error in copy of DNA |
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| messenger from DNA to protein |
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| what are proteins made up of |
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| has a "u" instead of a "t", ribonucleuic acid, made up of nucleotides which allow rna to encode genetic information. protein synthesis |
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| catalyst speed up processes , they are enzymes |
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| all organisms consist of one or more cells |
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| bind to specific formed particals such as virus and bacteria to protect the body |
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| carry out almost all thousands of chemial reactions that take place in cells, assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic info stored in DNA |
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| atoms, molucule, marcomolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ |
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| do most of the work in cell, required for the structure function and regulation of the bodies tissues and organs, |
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| all organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions that are different from their environment |
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| basic cuilding blocks of all living things. provide structure for the body, take in nutrients into energy and carry out specialized functions |
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| a basic physical and functional unit of heredity act as instructions to make protein |
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| a series of 3 nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule |
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| is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells. |
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| the building blocks of protein |
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| tiny disease causing agents including viruses, bacteria, protazoas, molds among other things. They invade the body and multiply |
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| trigger specific immune responses in the body. |
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| phagocytic macrophages and dendritic cells |
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Phagocytic macrophages and dendritic cells break down pathogens and display antigenic fragments from
the pathogens on the surface of their cell membranes |
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B and T lymphocytes circulate through the body
in the blood and lymph. When T cells see displayed antigenic fragments, they stimulate specific
B cells to reproduce and generate antibodies designed against the specific structure of the antigen
encountered. |
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Antibodies are a group of serum proteins (also referred to as immunoglobulins) that are found in the
bloodstream or bound to cell membranes. These proteins all have the same basic Y-shaped structure, but
have different antigen binding sites at their ends. |
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Antigen binding sites are designed to fit the shape of
specific antigens. Antibodies bind to antigens like a lock and key, forming antigen-antibody complexes |
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ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay)
and is based on the principle that antibodies produced in response to pathogens attach to their antigen
targets with great specificity to form antigen-antibody complexes |
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| work regarding cholera, figured out the disease was being spread by water, discovered the dumping of raw sewage was the cause |
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| severe giarrhea, fluid loss is sassive and death occurs from dehydration and electrolyte inbalance |
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| concluded that mold produced penicillin killed the organisms, he came up with antibiotics |
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| studied the flu after a huge epidemic struck discovered its mode of transportation |
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| even if the bacteria is dead its DNA can become part of another organism and it will become that bacteria |
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| Avery Lab, Mcleod and McCarty |
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| studied the transforming principle, discovered a white substance that they believed is the reason for the principle |
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| identified the white substance found by Avery labs to be DNA |
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