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| a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means |
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| the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of an element |
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| a particle with a positive charge |
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| a particle with a neutral charge |
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| a particle with a negative charge |
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| the number of protons in the neucleus |
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| Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
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the number of protons and neutrons
(how you find out if isotope) |
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| a substance that consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined with specific proportions |
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| a bond that forms between negative and positive ions |
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| a bond that forms when atoms share electrons |
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| a bond that forms when electrons are shared by metal ions |
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1. Naturally occuring
2. solid
3. orderly crystalline structure
4. definite chemical compounds
5. generally considered inorganic |
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| a mineral forms by natural geologic processes |
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| Most minerals are inorganic crystalline solids found in nature |
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there are dissolved minerals in water bodies
changes in temperature of the water or evaporation of the water causes the minerals to be left behind
ex: halite and calcite
THE SUBSTANCE LEFT BEHIND |
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| Crystallization from magma |
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Definition
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| crystallization from magma |
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Definition
magma is molten rock that forms within the earth
when magma is cooling elements combine to form minerals
first to form are rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium
next to form are rich in sodium, potassium, and aluminum |
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minerals subject to change make them recrystallize
form more compact minerals because atom structure changes
temperature can cause unstable causes new minerals to form |
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a very hot mixture of water and dissolved substances when they come in contact with other minerals a chemical reaction occur
when cooling elements within the mixture combine and form other minerals |
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Definition
the most common group of minerals
consist of a silicon oxygen tetrahedron (basic structure classify them as silicates)
except for SiO2
most contain other elements
form from crystallization of magma |
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| Kinds of Silicate structure |
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Definition
single chain
double chains
micas- sheets
three-dimensional (quartz and feldspar)
structure affects its properties |
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| Silicon-oxygen Tetrahedron |
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Definition
| consists of one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms provides the framework of every silicate mineral (mostly) |
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second most abundant group
minerals that contain the elements carbon oxygen and one or more other metallic element
Calcite( most common example)
fizz when they come in contact with an acid |
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oxides are minerals that contain oxygen and one or more other elements, which are usually metals
form when magma cools
ex: Rutile
some form when changes in pressure + temp
others when minerals are exposed to liquid in air |
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Definition
minerals that contain sulfur
form from precipitation of a mineral
ex: gypsum
others from hydrothermal solutions
ex: galena (PbS) |
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Definition
minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements
halogens are from group 7A
ex: NaCl (Halite) salt
forms from precipitation of a mineral |
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minerals that only contain one element or type of atom
gold (Au)
hydrothermal solutions |
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Definition
first thing you can notice to help identify a mineral
small amounts of minerals can help you have different colors in same mineral |
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is the color of a mineral in its powdered form
obtained by rubbing a mineral across a streak plate (unglazed porcelain)
streak doesn't vary from sample to sample
minerals with non metallic luster do not have streak |
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luster is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral
nonmetallic luster are described by many adjectives
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is the visible expression of a mineral's internal arrangement of atoms
six distinct crystal systems
have a specific shape from form
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| when it has more space and time to form |
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is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched
find this property by rubbing the mineral against another mineral of known hardness |
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consists of 10 minerals arranged from 10 (hardest) to 1 (softest) can rub against these minerals to determine its hardness
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the tendency of a mineral to cleave or break along flat even surfaces
the weak bonds are places where a mineral will break when it is stressed
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minerals that do not show cleavage when broken are said to fracture
uneven breakage of a mineral
smooth cruved breaks conchoidal fracture
break into splinters irregular fracture |
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property of all matter that is the ratio of an object's mass to its volume
d= m over v |
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