Term
| Name three practical things early astronomy dealt with |
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Definition
| keeping time, marking the arrival of seasons, predicting eclipses of the sun and moon |
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| What did the Egyptians base their calendar on? Explain |
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Definition
| Sirius, based on the heliocentric rising of the star in teh east |
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| Name the five planets that have been known since ancient times |
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Definition
| mercury, venus, mars, jupiter and saturn |
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What does the word planet mean? |
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Definition
| wandering star. looks like it is moving through the stars |
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What Astronomical prediction is Thales credited with and what were the results of his prediction? |
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Definition
| predicted an eclipse and it stopped the battle bewteen warring greek frations |
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a) What does retrograde motion mean? |
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Definition
| the apparent background motion of a planet with respect to the background stars |
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Term
What three important astronomical ideas was Aristotle correct about? |
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Definition
| moon is sperical, sun was farther away than the moon, earth is spherical |
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What idea was he incorrect about? |
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Definition
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Ptolemy’s theory of the solar system? Explain. |
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Definition
| each planet follow a small circlular orbit and he used epicylces to explain retrograde motion |
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a) Eratosthenes contribution: |
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Definition
| determined the currcifance of earth using geometric relations |
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Definition
| used stones to predict eclipses, and mark summer and winter soltices |
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Definition
made calendar sticks which detailed astronomical record-keeping
medicane wheels- stones that pointed towards sunrise and sunset |
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Definition
| cities and building are aligned to astronomical phenomena. their calendar was set by the sun and moon |
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Term
a) What contribution did Nicolaus Copernicus make to astronomy that is considered by many astronomers to be the greatest single contribution? What mistake was he making? |
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Definition
| said we have a heliocentric (sun centerd solar system) but his epicylces were much smaller in relation to the retrograde motions of the planets. wrong circular orbits |
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Term
| How did Galileo help prove the heliocentric idea? (two observations |
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Definition
| found four satellites revolving around Jupiter- thus supplying proof that at least some bodies do not revolve around earth. Discovered venus wnet through an entire series of phases |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance bewteen a planet and the sun is always changing. 1/2 of its orbit the distance from the sun is increasing and the other is 1/2 of it's orbit the distance is decreasing |
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Term
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Definition
| the planet must move faster when nearer the sun and moves more slowely when it is farther away due to gravity |
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Term
| At what point in its orbit does a planet move fastest |
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Definition
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Term
| Order of planets (inner & outer) and dwarf planets |
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Definition
a) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, (asteroid belt) Ceres, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, Eris. |
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Term
a) Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation (what happens when the distance or masses are changes?) |
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Definition
bodies mass doubles then force doubles. distance bewteen their centers doubles the force is 2^2(squared)=4 times weaker.
tripling the distance makes the force 3^2= 9 times weaker |
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Term
| Newton’s three laws of motion |
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Definition
a) If the bodies’ mass doubles—the force between them doubles
b) If the distance between their centers doubles, the force (22 = 4) is __4 tiems weaker.
c) Tripling the distance makes the force (32 = 9) _9x weaker.
4. Newton’s Laws of Motion
a) ______________1st law of motion____________-—a body at rest will remain at rest, & a body in motion will continue in motion with a constant speed in a straight line as long as no external force acts on it.
Ø inertia—the tendency of an object to resist any change in its velocity. This is a property of all matter.
b) ______2nd law of motion__________________________—a larger mass requires a larger force to give it the same acceleration obtained for a smaller mass and a smaller force.
Force = Mass x acceleration
c) ___________3rd law of motion_____________________—for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This makes rockets work.
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Term
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Definition
- investigations that attempt to
link archaeology & astronomy. The main line of astronomy that has led to
today’s conception of the universe was largely European. There is currently
an increase in the study of the extent of astronomical understanding in other
parts of the world. |
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Definition
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of a star occurs on the first day each year
when the star can be seen just before dawn. |
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Definition
- occurs on the last day of the year when the star can be seen at dusk.
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Definition
the apparent path of the sun across the sky.
The planets & moon appear to move on or near this ecliptic |
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Definition
b. the apparent backward motion of a
planet with respect to the background stars. |
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Definition
- figures in the sky--were recorded by the Sumerians as far back as 2000 B.C.
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e. a small angular shift in a star’s apparent position due to the Earth’s motion around the sun. (can be used to measure stellar distance) |
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Definition
| a curve with every point an equal distance from the center |
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Definition
a curve with two points called its foci (singular, focus) instead of one center point. |
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Definition
the average distance from the Earth
to the sun |
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Definition
the length of time a planet takes to orbit the
sun. |
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Definition
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1. Compare the Moon’s sidereal period (the time it takes it to revolve around Earth) and
the Lunar Month |
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Definition
| moons period is 27 1/3 days and the lunar month is 29 1/2 days. the earth moves 1 degree around the sun a day so the moon takes 2 extra days to move |
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Term
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Definition
core
radiation zone
convection zone
photosphere
chromosphere
corona |
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Term
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Definition
| 11 years it reaches its max number |
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Term
| Who was the first person to observe and record sunspots? When |
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Definition
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Definition
o
be
a
fine
girl (Sun is 5800 k)
kissed
me |
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Definition
Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays. (does not require a medium—mechanical waves do) |
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Term
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Definition
diameter is 6,796 km
mass 0.1075 Me
density 3.94 g/cm^3
Day 24.62 hrs(sidereal)
Gravity 0.38 earth gravity
mean distance from the sun 1.5 AU
year 686.95 days
orbital velocity 24.13 km/sec |
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