Term
What three tubes comprise the vocal tract? |
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Definition
Parynx, Oral, and Nasal (collectively open-closed tubes) |
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Term
What is the Velum? What is its function? |
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Definition
Velum (soft palate) divides the oral cavity from the nasal cavity |
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Term
Key articulators that you should know (be able to identify – e.g. Figure 4.7; 4.12) |
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Definition
TEETH- Used in combination with other articulators
TONGUE- Main articulators- all phonemes use it
LIPS- B and P sounds, vowel sounds
ALVEOLAR RIDGE – tissue behind front teeth
HARD PALATE
SOFT PALATE (VELUM)
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Term
How do the articulators directly influence glottal sound? |
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Definition
Directly- motion of articulators directly influence flow of air stream (constricts and blocks) |
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Term
How do the articulators indirectly influence the glottal sound? |
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Definition
motion of articulators change shape of vocal tract and impacts which frequencies are enhanced or reduced |
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Term
What articulator plays the primary role in changing the shape of the vocal tract (what other articulator plays a secondary role)? |
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Definition
Primary role: tongue Secondary role: lips |
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Term
What affect does changing the shape of the vocal tract have on the sound produced? |
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Definition
Change of shape in VT changes formant frequencies |
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Term
What is the formal term for resonances of the vocal tract? |
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Definition
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Term
Within a person, what distinguishes one vowel from another? |
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Definition
Shape and length of the vocal tract |
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Term
How many formants are required to recognize what vowel is being produced? |
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Definition
Majority of English vowels recognized on basis of 1st 2 formants |
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Term
What property of the tongue determines the frequency of the first formant (F1)? |
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Definition
High vs. low, elevation vs. depression movement of the tongue |
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Term
What property of the tongue determines the frequency of the second formant (F2)? |
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Definition
Forward and backwards movements of the tongue |
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Term
What resonance formula do we use when calculating resonant frequencies of vocal tract (fixed string or open-closed tube)? |
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Definition
Resonance = (2N-1)*C/4L
N= # of formants
C= Speed of sound (344m/sec)
L= Length of tube (meters)
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Term
What portion of this formula impacts differences in formant frequencies BETWEEN individuals? |
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Definition
| The length of the tube, height, length of the larynx |
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Term
for same shape vocal tract, individuals with shorter vocal tract lengths will have higher resonances and higher formant frequencies (Children, Women, Men) |
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Definition
Children: highest formants
• Women: next highest formants
• Men: lowest formants
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Term
Which structure bridges the outer ear to the middle ear? Which structure bridges the middle ear in the inner ear? |
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Definition
1. ear canal 2. round and oval windows |
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