Term
| How is force defined? What is the unit of force? |
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Definition
-Force is defined as: Force over area (otherwise known as pressure) -The unit of force is: dyne/cm2 |
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Term
What is the range of absolute pressures we can hear? |
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Definition
0.0002 dynes/cm2 - pressure of the softest sound we can hear (detect) 200 dynes/cm2 - pressure of the most intense sound we can barely tolerate |
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Term
What is dynamic range? In terms of absolute pressure and dbSPL? |
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Definition
| The dynamic range is from 0 dB SPL to 120 dB SPL. It is the smallest pressure detectable to the largest pressure tolerate or from decibel just detected to decibels barely tolerated |
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Term
Why do we convert absolute pressures onto a logarithmic scale? What is the scale we use?
Key formula: dB SPL = 20 * log10 (PressureSOI/ PressureRef) |
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Definition
| We translate the absolute pressure to a logarithmic scale which is one of ratios where the db I relative to an arbitrary reference level, easier to manage. |
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Term
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Definition
Means that pressure of sound of interest and pressure of reference are the same, or the sound is at the bottom of what people can hear
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Term
| How is it possible to get a negative dB SPL value? |
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Definition
| A negative dBSPL means that the pressure of sound of interest is SMALLER than the reference pressure, less than .0002 dynes/cm2 |
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Term
| What happens as you double the pressure (db SPL) of a sound? |
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Definition
| When doubling the pressure of the sound you will increase the dB SPL by 6. So if you are doubling a 40 dB SPL than you have increase the db SPL to 46 dB SPL. |
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Term
(Speech Production System) Names the places of articulation (See diagram from class notes) |
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Definition
1. Labial 2. Dental 3. Alveolar 4 & 5 - Palatal 6. Velar 7. Pharyngeal 8. Glottal |
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Term
| What are the manners of articulation? |
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Definition
-stop/plosive -frictative -affricative -nasal -approximate |
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Term
What does it mean that speech is an overlaid function? |
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Definition
Biological function: primary Non-biological/communicative function: secondary |
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Term
Know the biological and non-biological functions of each of the speech production systems.
Identify if a given structure is part of articulatory/resonating; laryngeal or respiratory systems. (Identify Respiration, Phonation, and Articulator Response) |
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Definition
Respiration- Biological- Breathing gas exchange Non Bio- Provide air, Power supply
Phonation-sound generator, periodic sounds
Articulator Response- sound modifier, aperiodic and periodic sound, biological function chewing (mastraication) non biological function- modify glottal sound source- breaking air stream into sounds of speech |
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Term
| What structures comprise the Upper respiratory tract (URT)? |
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Definition
| Nasal cavity, Oral cavity, Larynx, Pharynx |
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Term
What structures comprise the lower respiratory tract? (LRT) |
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Definition
Trachea, Bronchial Tubes, Alveoli, Lungs |
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Term
What is the role of the URT in respiration? |
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Definition
Filters, warms, and humidifies |
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Term
What is the role of the LRT in respiration? |
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Definition
Inhalation and Exhalation |
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Term
What and where is the diaphragm muscle? |
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Definition
During speech the diaphragm relaxes and the contraction of the abdominal muscles controls the extent to which the contents of the abdominal muscles controls the extent to which the contents of the abdomen are pressed up against the diaghragm so that they squeeze air out of the lungs
- Flat sheer of muscle between abdomen and chest cavity, acts as a pump |
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Term
| What is Boyle’s law (HINT: how are pressure and volume related holding temperature constant?) |
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Definition
If you increase the pressure, you will decrease volume. If you decrease pressure, you will increase volume. Inverse relationship Boyle's Law states that at constant temperature the pressure p of the gas times its volume V will remain constant:
p V = constant |
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Term
How does Boyle's law come to play a role in respiration? |
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Definition
Diaphram returns to resting position and the volume of the chest cavity decreases. Equalizing pressure in exhalation. |
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Term
Exhalation- Diaphragm returns to ____ position |
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Definition
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Term
During exhalation, what happens to the diaphragm? |
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Definition
Volume of chest cavity decreases
- Pressure inside lungs increases relative to atmospheric pressure
- Air pushed at to equalize pressure |
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Term
What makes the respiratory system "move"? |
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Definition
Active vs. passive forces
- Passive force (eq gravity, rib) muscles relax without active contraction
- Diff forces at work during quiet v. speech brathing |
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Term
Do we speak on an exhale in an inhale? |
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Definition
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Term
What five major cartilages make-up the larynx (be able to label them as well). |
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Definition
-Thyroid- aka the adams apple, by pulling forward you can lengthen the vocal cords
-Cricoid- ring like larynx foudation
-Epiglottis- helps deflect food
-Pair of Arytenoids- is at the back and is where the vocal folds are attached to
-Hyoid Bone |
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Term
What & where are the vocal folds? What is the glottis? |
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Definition
- The glottis is the space between the focal folds and can be controlled by moving artanoids
- The vocal folds are muscles not cords, place horizontally within the larynx |
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Term
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Definition
Vital capacity is the amount of air you can take in, or take out |
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Term
What percentage of quiet speech is inhalation, what percentage of qs is exhalation? What percentage of loud speech in inhalation/exhalation |
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Definition
Quiet speech: 10% inhalation, 90% exhalation Loud speed: 50% inhalation, 50% exhalation |
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Term
What is the Bernoulli principle? |
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Definition
As velocity increases, pressure decreases |
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Term
Describe the steps involved in a single cycle of vocal fold vibration |
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Definition
When we talk or create vocal vibration the epiglottis and the false vocal cords remain open. VF close (Adduction) creating Medial Compresion . Because the VF are closed pressure builds up beneath them (Subglottal pressure), when pressure is finally release it plows the vocal folds open (Abduction) the elasticity of the FV pulls them back together to their close position and the cycle repeats |
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Term
What is the acoustic nature of the glottal sound that comes from the larynx? |
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Definition
Harmonic structure and periodic sound |
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Term
Two primary modifications can be made to the sound coming from the larynx: |
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Definition
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Term
What is changing physiologically when we make changes to pitch and loudness (e.g. think about
how cricothyroid muscle involved in pitch changes and how amount of medial compression &
subglottal pressure involved in loudness changes). |
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Definition
Pitch- We change the length and mass of the vocal folds- to change the length of the vocal cords the thyroid cartilage can be pulled forward. VF are very tense due to tension caused by the cricothyroid muscle.
Loudness- How tight the vocal cords are, resulting in how much air pressure is needed to separate them. Lower air pressure helps draw the vocal cords back to their starting positions and consequently, increases their speed of return. Greater air pressure from the lungs enhances this effect. Increased subglottal air pressure, increased medial compression (vf tighten up). Also loud speech causes VF to stay together longer and blow apart more widely |
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Term
Which resonse formula do we use when calculating the resonancy of vocal folds? (Fixed string or open-close tube?) |
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Definition
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Term
Within an individual? As tension increases, how does F0 change? As mass decreases, how does F0 change? As vocal folds relax, how does F0 change? |
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Definition
Increases Decreases Decreases |
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Term
Between an individual How does F0 change as length of vocal folds increase? |
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Definition
With a longer vocal folds the FO will decrease ( think of adults vs. kids or Men vs. Women) |
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Term
What is the average frequency for: -males -females -kids ? |
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Definition
“Average” F0: For males ~ 130 Hz For Females ~ 250 Hz For Kids > 300 Hz |
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Term
How does the status of vocal folds change when
producing loud as opposed to quieter speech (e.g. time VF open; closed).
(Using the glottal waveform, see lecture outline) |
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Definition
Loud speech: Opening time decreases - L
Closing time decreases - L
Closed time increases - (builds up subglottal air pressure)
Amplitude of vibration (area between glottis) increases Soft: sound takes longer time to open, longer time to close, amplitude of vibration decreases |
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