quit-

explosive

magma-underground

lava- above ground

Active

Dormant

Extinct

Composite

Shield

Cinder Cone

volcanic neck-long slender structure of igneous rock formed when magma hardens in pipe

dikes-magma bursts through layer of rock and moves vertical(up/down) hardens&forms vertical rock

sills-same as dike but does not break through&they are horizontal rather than vertical

caldera-top of volcano collapsed forming crater

batholiths- magma in magma chamber that has hardened

Mechanical                  both                 Chemical

Abrasion                plants&water           oxygen

ice wedging                                        CO2, acid                                                                 rain

Type of rock

climate

human activities

1. rock particles

2. minerals

3. decayed organic material

4. water

5. air

1)contour plowing- on mountain go around not up&down

2)conservation plowing- leave vegitation

3)crop rotation- switch crops every so often

Evaporation

Condensation

Precipitation

97% oceans

3%fresh water

-ice(76%)

-ground water(23%)

-surface water(1%)

standing bodies of freshwater

-lakes are larger and deeper

Marshes-grasses

Swamps-trees

Bogs-grasses&small shrub

1) nursuries

2)buffer for storms

point- specific source

non-point-area source

crest-highest part of a wave

trough-lowest part of a wave

wave height-trough to crest and vice-versa

wave length- crest to crest or trough to trough

-Barrier islands-block waves, causing them to loose energy

-Sand Dunes-block waves&wind causing them to loose energy and lessen the harm.

High

Low

Neap-low difference between high and low

Diurnal- 1 high and 1 low every 24 hrs.

Semidiurnal- 2 highs and 2 lows every 24 hrs.

we have diurnal

Amount of dissolved salts in seawater

measured in parts per thousand

-Pressure increases

-Temperature decreases

-salinity increases

-dissolved oxygen decreases then increases

Volcanic island

seamount

abyssal plain

continental shelf

continental slope

trench

mid-ocean ridge

- intertidal- begins@highest high-tide line and stretches to point exposed by lowest-low tide

-neritic- begins at low-tide and goes to edge of continental shelf

-open-ocean- starts at edge of continental shelf and goes to the deepest depths of the ocean

Plankton-tiny algae and animals that float in water and are carried by waves and currents. 

Nekton-fee-swimming animals that can move throughout the water column. EX: squid, most fish, marine mammals

Benthos- organisms that inhabit the ocean floor. EX: crabs, sea stars, octopus, and lobsters, and also sponges and sea anemones

Depth

Pressure

Darkness

Nitrogen-78%

Oxygen-21%

Trace elements-1%

aneroid-dry measures in millibars

&

mercury barometer

Troposphere

Statosphere

Mesosphere

Thermosphere:

1)Ionosphere

2) Exosphere

Trades-between equator&30degrees

Prevailing westerlies-between 30&60

Polar easterlies-between 60&90

Land breeze- at night land cools more quickly than water so the air over the land becomes cooler than the land over the water. Warm air from water rises, cool air takes place;flow of air from land to water

sea breeze-in day land heats faster than water. water moves from sea to land

Amt of moisture in air

Max Amt of moisture air can hold

shape

altitude

potential for rain

1) Radiation fog

2) Advection fog

-rain=most common, at least 0.5 mm

-sleet=water droplets that freeze as they fall through layer of air below freezing

-snow= when water vapor is converted directly into ice crystals called snowflakes inside the cloud

-hail=round pellets of ice larger than 5 mm. Forms inside cumulonimbus during thunderstorm

-freezing rain=water droplets freeze when they touch a cold surface such as a tree or the ground

tiny crystals of silver iodide and dry ice(solid carbon dioxide) are sprinkled into clouds from airplanes. 

-silver iodide provides a base on which water particles can condense forming rain or snow. 

-the dry ice cools the droplets even further, so that they will freeze