Term
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Definition
| process of change over a period of time |
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Definition
| preserved bone or other trace of an ancient organism |
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Definition
| evolution of physical and behavioral traits that make organisms better suited to survive in their environment |
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Definition
| organism’s ability to successfully pass on its genes to its offspring |
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Definition
| structures that have a common origin but not necessarily a common function |
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Definition
| structure in an organism that seems to have little or no obvious purpose |
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Definition
| method of selective breeding of organisms to produce offspring with desirable characteristics |
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Definition
| process in nature that over time results in the survival of the fittest |
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Definition
| principle that species have descended from common ancestors |
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Definition
| abrupt alternation in the genetic information of a cell |
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Definition
| separation of different species that cannot interbreed |
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Definition
| all the alleles of all the genes of the members of a population that interbreed |
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Definition
| random change in allele frequency, often producing offspring that will be different from the original population by chance |
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Definition
| formation of a new species brought about by genetic changes that prevent breeding between the new, genetically different groups |
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Definition
| theory that evolutionary change occurs slowly and steadily over long periods of time |
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Definition
| pattern of long periods of stability that are interrupted b episodes of rapid change |
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Definition
| pattern of evolution in which selection and adaptation lead to the formation of a new species in a relatively short period of time |
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Definition
| process by which unrelated species independently evolve superficial similarities when adapting to similar environments |
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Definition
| similar in appearance and function but dissimilar in anatomical development and origin |
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Definition
| organism that eats other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients |
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Definition
| organism that feeds on the dead bodies of animals and plants or on their waste products |
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Definition
| path along which nutrients that are available in fixed quantities on Earth are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another |
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Definition
| sequence of organisms related to one another as food and consumer |
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Definition
| interconnecting food chains in an ecological community |
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Definition
| change in the size of population |
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Definition
| lack of population growth due to equality of a population’s birth rate and death rate |
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Definition
| largest number of individuals of a particular species that can survive over long periods of time in a given environment |
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Definition
| retention of heat in the Earth’s atmosphere due to the presence of greenhouse gases |
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Definition
| climate conditions of a particular area that vary over small distances |
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Definition
| combination of physical and biological factors that influence |
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Definition
| full range of physical and biological conditions in which the organisms in a species can live and the way in which the organisms use those conditions |
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| surroundings in which a species lives and thrives; defined in terms of the plant community and the a biotic factors |
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Definition
| process by which an existing ecosystem is gradually and progressively replaced by another ecosystem |
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Definition
| collection of plants and animals that results when an ecosystem reaches a relatively stable state in the interaction between organisms and their environment |
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Definition
| ecosystem identified by its climax community |
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Definition
| kind of rock formed when silt, sand, or clay builds up on the bottom of a river, lake, or ocean |
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Definition
| length of time required for half of a radioactive element to decay to its more stable form |
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Definition
| unit of time- such as econs, eras, periods, and epochs- based on information contained in rocks |
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| geological theory suggesting that the continents move slowly over hundreds of millions of years |
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Definition
| science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups |
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Definition
| classification of a major group of closely related organisms |
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Definition
| smallest group in the classification system of organisms that share similar characteristics and interbreed in nature |
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| classification of a group of closely related genera |
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| classification of several families of similar organisms |
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| classification category of related orders |
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| category made up of several classes of different organisms that share important characteristics |
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Definition
| highest ranking classification of living organisms that falls into one of the six major groups |
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Definition
| prokaryote with a cell membrane and genetic material not surrounded by a nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| asexual form of reproduction in which a cell divides in half to produce two identical daughter cells |
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Definition
| form of sexual reproduction that results in new combinations of genes |
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Definition
| process of reproduction in which genetic material is added to or replaces portions of bacteria’s DNA |
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Definition
| nonliving particle that contains DNA or RNA and that can infect a living cell |
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Definition
| eukaryotic organisms that does not share a unique set of characteristics |
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Definition
| beneficial relationship between 2 organisms that live together |
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Definition
| small, typically single-celled structure capable of producing a new individual, either immediately or after a period of dormancy |
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Term
| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
| variation in a life cycle that switches back and forth between the production of diploid (2n) and haploid (n) cells; in plants, pattern of reduction in which the organism alternates between sporophyte and gametophytes phases |
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Term
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Definition
| structural carbohydrate that is the main component of arthropod exoskeletons; reinforces the cell walls of fungi; also found in insect skeletons |
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Definition
| thread like, branching filament that is the most basic structure in a fungus |
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Definition
| mass of hyphae that grows into the food source and forms the body of the fungus |
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Definition
| specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients throughout a land plant |
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Definition
| seed plant in which the seeds are exposed to the air, usually in a cone-shaped structure |
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Definition
| reproductive structure that includes a developing plant and a food reserve enclosed in a resistant outer covering |
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Definition
| flowering plant whose seeds develop within a matured ovary (fruit) |
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Definition
| angiosperm that produces seeds with 1 cotyledon |
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Definition
| angiosperm that produces seeds with 2 cotyledons |
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Definition
| descending structure of a plant that branches into the soil, anchors the plant, and absorbs water and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| specific outgrowth of a vascular plant that captures sunlight for photosynthesis |
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Definition
| in the epidermis of a plant, one of many small openings that can open and close to allow gas exchange to prevent water loss |
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Definition
| vascular tissue that carries water and nutrients from the roots to the branches and leaves of a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue that transports products of photosynthesis and substances from one part of the plant to another |
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Term
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Definition
| main, upward-growing part of a vascular plant that provides support and conducts water and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of pollen that precedes fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| outer embryonic cell layer form which the nervous system, the skin, and other associated body coverings are derived in animal development |
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Term
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Definition
| inner embryonic cell layer from which the tissues and organs of the digestive tract and other internal organs are developed |
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Term
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Definition
| middle embryonic cell layer from which the skeletal, muscular, and other tissues are developed |
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Term
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Definition
| mesoderm- lined cavity that provides an open space inside the body within which organs can grow and function |
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Definition
| one of several body compartments that allows an animal to increase in body size with minimal new genetic material |
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Definition
| arrangement of body parts that repeat around an imaginary line draw through the center of an organism; shown in cnidarians and some adult echinoderms |
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Definition
| body form of an organism that has identical left and right sides, specialized front and back ends, and upper and lower sides |
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Definition
| concentration of nerve cells and sensory cells in the head of an organism |
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Definition
| skeletal system in which the muscles surround and are supported by a waster-filled body cavity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| structural carbohydrate that is the main component of arthropod exoskeletons; reinforces the cell walls of fungi; also found in insect skeletons |
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Definition
| skeletal system located within the body |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which food is digested inside the internal cells of a simple multicellular animal |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive sac with a single opening to the outside from which food enters and wastes leave |
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Definition
| process in which food is digested outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cell with a tuft of cilia that conducts water and wastes through the branching tubes that serve as an excretory system in flatworms |
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Term
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Definition
| excretory organ that removes nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood; found in many invertebrates |
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Definition
| structure that excretes nitrogenous wastes; found in many arthropods |
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Definition
| concentration of nerve cells that form nerve cords or nerve rings around the mouth of primitive invertebrates |
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Definition
| gland that enables a female to nourish her young with milk |
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Term
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Definition
| organ that connects a mother with her developing embryo and provides a place for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and carbon dioxide |
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Definition
| one of many air tubes that enter the lungs and branch off, for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny air sac in the lungs appearing in a grapelike cluster surrounding a network of capillaries where gas exchange takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| organism- such as a fish, amphibian, or reptile- that relies on interactions with the environment to control body temperature; cold blooded organism |
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Term
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Definition
| organism, such as a mammal or a bird, that generates and maintains body heat through chemical reactions in the body; warm-blooded organism |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane of the sac that envelops the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| self sufficient developing egg encased in a shell that allows for gas exchange but keeps liquid inside |
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Term
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Definition
| producing eggs that develop and hatch outside the female’s body |
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Term
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Definition
| producing eggs that develop and hatch within the female’s body are born alive |
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Definition
| retaining the developing embryo inside the female’s body and bearing offspring alive |
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Definition
| tiny spore that contains the male reproductive cells of a plant |
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Definition
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Definition
| the surface of reproductive structure on which the seeds are exposed |
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Definition
| seed plant in which the seeds are exposed to the air, usually in a cone-shaped structure |
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Term
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Definition
| female cone that contains matured seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| flowering plant whose seeds develop within a matured ovary (fruit) |
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Definition
| the structure that contains the egg cells of a flower |
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Term
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Definition
| ripened ovary that contains angiosperm seeds |
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Definition
| reproductive structure of an angiosperm |
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Definition
| structure that encloses and protects the developing flower bud and opens as the flower blooms |
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Definition
| one of the white or colorful leaf like parts of a flower |
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Definition
| male leaf that produces pollen |
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Definition
| stamen that emerges from a flower |
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Definition
| sac at the tip of a filament where pollen is produced an released |
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Definition
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Definition
| in a seed plant, the place where female gametophytes are produced |
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Definition
| in a flower plant, the stemlike narrow part of the carpel |
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Definition
| sticky tip of the style of a plant |
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Definition
| female reproductive organ of a flowering plant, composed of ovary, style, and stigma |
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Definition
| food-rich tissue that surrounds the embryo of a plant |
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Definition
| process of 2 fertilization events taking place inside an embryo sac |
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Definition
| tiny seed leaf found in a plant embryo inside a seed |
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Definition
| angiosperm that produces seeds with one cotyledon |
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Term
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Definition
| angiosperm that produces seeds with 2 cotyledons |
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Term
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Definition
| descending structure of plant that branches into the soil, anchors the plant, and absorbs water and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| main, upward-growing part of a vascular plant that provides support and conducts water and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| specific outgrowth of a vascular plant that captures sunlight for photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue that carries water and nutrients from the roots to the branches and leaves of a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular tissue that transports produces of photosynthesis and substances from one part of the plant to another |
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of skin made up of layers of epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of spongy cells beneath the epidermis of a plant |
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Definition
| central region of xylem and phloem cells carrying water and nutrients between the roots and the rest of the plant |
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Definition
| layer of cells forming the inner boundary of the cortex of most roots and controlling entry into the vascular cylinder |
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Definition
| in dicots, the ground tissue inside the ring of a vascular bundle |
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Definition
| layer of xylem cells produced in a tree stem in 1 year, with growth affected by seasonal variation; in cross section, seen as a concentric circle |
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Definition
| in the epidermis of a plant, one of many small openings that can open and close to allow gas exchange to prevent water loss |
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Definition
| loss of water vapor though the stomata of a vascular plant |
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Definition
| response of an organism to an environmental stimulus |
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Definition
| response of an organism to the force of gravity, usually by turning downward or upward |
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Definition
| growth response of a plant to light, usually by turning toward or away from the light |
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Definition
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Definition
| plant hormone that produces phototropism, stimulated cell growth near the tip of root or stem |
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Definition
| plant that completes its life cycle (form seed to maturity, flower, and seed production) within a single growing season |
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Definition
| plant that flowers and produces seeds in the second year of its life |
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Definition
| plant that flowers and produces seeds in the second year of its life |
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Definition
| plant that lives for more than 2 years |
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Definition
| red-light sensitive pigment that enables plants to sense day and night, changing seasons, and developmental processes |
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