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Definition
a neutral or positive term used to hide a negative one.
Ex: Pre-owned for “used”
Neutralize for “kill”
Freedom fighter for “rebel”
Department of defense for “department of war” |
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Term
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Definition
Making something look less important than it actually is.
Don’t pay attention to Mr. Neufeld’s class. He’s merely a sub until the real teacher gets here.
Science is a real course.
Humanities are merely examples of creative writing.
Mr. Neufeld is a so-called teacher.
Mr. Neufeld is a “teacher”. |
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Term
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Definition
A neutral or negative term used to hide a positive one. A word or phrase to make something seem worse than it actually is.
Ex: “starving to death”
“terrorist” for rebel
Purpose:
When used for argument, euphanisms can border on deceit, but can also be good manners.
Mr. Neufeld ‘must be reminded to return to task’ may be nicer than Mr. Neufeld ‘constantly disrupts class and shows no consideration for others’.
Capable of “much more” = no effort
Even though math doesn’t come naturally = she’s stupid |
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Definition
| appeal to humor - the use of ridicule to downplay another's position |
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Definition
Extravagant overstatement.
Mr. Neufeld is the greatest teacher that has ever lived or WILL ever live.
Usually used in ridicule, dyphemisms, and other fallacies.
Often adds a persuasive ‘edge’ to an argument.
“Dodge makes the toughest truck on the planet”
-You might reject the claim, but still go away with the vague idea that Dodge trucks are tough…the entire point of the hyperbole. |
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Term
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Definition
Manipulation of language to imply a conclusion without stating it.
Mr. Neufeld is proof that at least one of the teachers on staff does not have a drinking problem.
Mr. Neufeld is telling the truth, this time.
Student X has done some good work, I guess. |
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Term
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Definition
Makes an assumption that must be true no matter how the question is answered (a from of innuendo)
Ex: Have you stopped drinking during prep?
Has your housemaster caught you for smoking yet?
Have you told your parents you’re gay yet?
Have you been caught for cheating yet?
Have you buried the body yet? |
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Term
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Definition
An expression used to suggest that there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing such evidence or authority.
i.e. "informed sources say" |
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Convincing without argument
persuasive language used to influence attitudes and beliefs rather than presenting or proving an argument. |
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Term
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Definition
emotively charged language to express an attitude toward something.
(“Real definition” – a definition used to clarify meaning)
ex: abortion – murder of an unborn child abortion – making women a slave to patriarchial society |
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Term
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Definition
common terms and methods to enhances the
persuasive force of an argument (but do not add to the logical force). |
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Term
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Definition
emotively charged language presented as explanations.
Ex:
I failed my room because the prefect was power tripping.
He lost the fight because he lost his nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
a thought or image about a group of people based on little or no evidence (applying a generalization to an individual is always a fallacy)
Ex: women are emotional, men are insensitive, gay men are effminate, muslims are terrosists, Americans are rude, Canadians are politely stupid, etc…
Reduces people (or things) to a category. People often make snap judgments or accept a claim without thinking if it can be attached to a stereotype.
There are positive and negative stereotypes.
Officer’s are gentlemen, teacher’s are dedicated self-sacrificing individuals |
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Term
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Definition
3 out of 4 students surveyed agreed that bedtimes should be moved 1 half-hour earlier.
Overall Mr. Neufeld is the best teacher.
Watch for perhaps, possibly, maybe, may be.
Don’t confuse with scientific statements. All science includes doubt.
Assess the context, and the speaker.
“Perhaps student X has not been drinking” can be good by giving the benefit of the doubt if being investigated.
Could be bad if someone is implying that someone is drinking. |
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