1.2

CELLS

Name 5 characteristics of all living things:

Living things:

• -respond to their environment
• -need energy
• -must get rid of waste
• -grow
• -reproduce

• a cell part
• specific functions are carried out to ensure the cell's survival 

• thin protective covering that separates the cell interior from it's environment
• controls the movement of particles in and out of a cell

• a jelly-like substance within a cell
•  contains organelles, water and other life supporting materials

• the organelle that controls all activities within a cell
• -ie. "the brain" of the cell

• the molecule chains in the cell nucleus 
• carries the hereditary material that are passed from generation to generation during reproduction

• an organelle
• the energy producers in a cell 
• carry out cellular respiration to produce energy from nutrients taken into  a cell

• a process in living organisms
• chemical taken in through food is changed into energy cells use that energy to carry out their activities

• the total of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism's cells
•  can be defined as a rate (number)

• essential nutrients in cells
• used to build animal muscles, skin, hair and nails
• within cells the proteins are required for certain biological chemical reactions 

• organelle within the cell
•  which assembles protein chains
• attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Define : Endoplasmic Reticulum

• an organelle in cells
• network of membranes, covered channels
• transport materials within the cell

• an organelle
• a structure in cells
• sorts proteins and packs them into vesicles

• organelles
• membrane wrapped structures
• carry proteins, nutrients and water into/ out of/ around the cell

• Organelles 
• larger in plant than animal cells
• temporary storage compartments in cells
• may be used to store water, waste...

• cell organelle
• structure containing digestive chemicals that function to break down food particles, cell wastes and worn out cell parts

• a tough, rigid structure
• in plant cells only
• surrounds and protects a plant cell
• gives the cell a box-like shape

Define : Chloroplast

• organelles
• parts of plant cells that trap energy from the sun change solar energy into chemical energy that plants use

• Photo - light
•  synthesis - to make
•  
• the chemical reaction that takes place in plant cells when carbon dioxide and water react (in the presence of sunlight) to produce glucose and oxygen

• -the cell is the basic unit of life
• -all organisms are composed of one or more cells
• -all cells "come from" other living things (reproduction)

• -cells that are not surrounded by membranes
• -comparatively small cells
• Ie  bacteria

• cells surrounded by a membrane
•  
• Ie. celery stalk or animal muscle cells

• various groups of single-celled micro organisms
• some can cause disease
• some can be helpful ( to humans)
• prokaryotic cells

• Cocci   -  sphere shaped
• Bacilli  -  rod shaped
• Spirilla -  spiral shaped

• a microscopic, non-living particle that causes disease by invading a cell
• the virus reproduces inside a host cell of a plant or animal until the cell is overwhelmed and dies - releasing more virus to reproduce...
•  
• Ie. colds, influenza (common and H1N1),      chicken pox, HIV (Aids)...

1/1 000 000 of a meter

(one - one millionth)

1.3

DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE

• the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, until balance is achieved
•  the process involved in cellular metabloism

define: concentration

(re. substances)

• -the ammount of a substance in a given space
• -the more of a substance in the given area, the higher the concentration

• selectable = only certain substances
• permeable = allows a substance to pass through
• selectively permeable membranes allow certain substances through but keep other substances out of the cell

• balance or equal ammounts
•  
• in cells this occurs when there is an equal concentration of one type of particle on each side of a cell membrane

• diffusion movement of particles through  selectively permeable membrane
• from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
• IE water through cell walls