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Smallest unit of an element that retains all the properties of that element. Properties such as melting point, freezing point, reaction capabilities
Most of an atom is empty space |
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- made up of 3 types of elements
- PROTONS (positive charge)
- NEUTRONS (neutral charge)
- ELECTRONS (negative charge) |
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Positive charge
Located in the nucleus of atom
The number of protons = Atomic number |
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Neutral charge
Located in the nucleus of atom.
The number of neutrons and protons = Atomic Mass |
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Negative charge
Orbits the nucleus in a rapidly moving cloud.
Stays in orbit because they are attracted to the positive charge of nucleus |
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Study of the environment and our place in it.
- Interdisciplinary
- Mission Oriented |
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The conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting an organism or group of organisms.
* physical, chemical, biological conditions
* social and cultural condition s affecting and individual or community |
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* Search for a balance between ecological stability and human progress
* Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
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* Science derived from Latin "to know"
* way of asking and answering questions
* seeking answers to questions about natural phenomena - we are therefore limited to what kinds of questions we ask
*Seeks to answres questions about the physical world using observations and measurements
*Scientific thinking reduces emotional reactions |
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| How is science different than other fields of study? |
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| Science is factual and unbiased |
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| What other field is considered factual and unbiased? |
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Journalism
* a factual recording of current events
* who, what, where, when, why |
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* Science has checks on bias that journalism does not
- Experimental design includes control groups and double blind tests
- Peer review process for published journal articles |
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| What questions is science unable to answer? |
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* evolution
* beliefs
* questions that require an opinion
* if it is untestable...such as ghosts, etc
* has no baseline data |
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| Forms of Scientific Inquiry: |
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* Discovery or Descriptive Science
- observational
- qualitative vs. quantitative data
* Hypothesis-Based Science
- uses deductive reasoning: start with general hypothesis and make specific predictions to test |
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| Types of Logic in Scientific Inquiry: |
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* Inductive reasoning
- derive generalizations based on specific observations
* Deductive Reasoning
- specific predictions follow from general premise |
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| includes the numnber of neutrons and protons |
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A statement that attempts to explain a phenomenon or answer a scientific question.
ex: "Agricultural fertilizers running into ponds cause the amount of algea in the ponds to increase." |
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- Formulate Hypothesis
- Test Hypothesis and collect data
- Funding: What data is being funded
- Reproductibility |
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- Peer Review. Other scientists, specialist, study, review, and comment on the work
- Scientific Journals |
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| A description of the world that covers a relatively large number of phenomena and has met many experimental tests |
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| Theory (or group of theories) that has been tested extensively and seems to apply everywhere in the universe, they become part of the conceptual framework of a particular field |
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| *manipulated variable. Condition or event under study |
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Responding variable.
Condition that could change under the influence of the independent variable |
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| conditions which could effect the outcome of the experiment so they must be held constant between groups |
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| group(s) subject to the independent variable |
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| group not subjected to the independent variable |
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| producing the same result consistently to verify result |
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| Probability and Statistics |
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Probability: an attempt to measure and predict the likelihood of an event
Statistics: allow you to evaluate comparisons between experimental and control groups |
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factors thought to be true for the investigation but have not been verified or controlled
Incorrect assumptions invalidate an experiment |
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| Experimental vs. Observational Science |
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Experimental: (manipulative) based on direct manipulation of the independent variable. Difficult for large scale questions. Can reveal casual relationships.
Observational: (natural) based on selecting existing cases with different values for the independent variables.
e.g. thalidomide babies from the fifties; those who's mom's took it vs. those that didn't |
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must be a fact or measurement about something that has actually occured
* information attributed to an identified scientific source
- specific scientist
- scientific organization
- scientific journal
* generally accepted as fact |
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* interpretation of data
* conclusion made based on the given facts but not specifically tested |
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is a method for approaching a problem, one of many used by scientists
- based on testing explanations - rejecting ones that fail |
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| using the information that supports your hypothesis and either explaining away or ignoring exidence that does not |
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anything that occupies space and has mass
- made up of 1 or more fundamental substances called elements.
- solids, liquids, gases
* matter consists of elements which are combined to form molecules and compounds (ex: like the alphabet and its letters)
* a unit of matter is the atom |
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* over 100 known elements
* each is made up of 1 kind of atom
* cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
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* arranges elements by atomic number (# of protons in the nucleus)
* rows and columns arranged to show groups with similar chemical characteristics
- certain chemicals combine with others in predictible ratios
- Mendeleev - he came up with the periodic table of elements |
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| Substance consisting of 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio. Smallest unit is called a molecule |
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2 or more atoms bonded together
(same or different atom) |
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Smallest unit of an element that retains all the properties of that element. Properties such as melting point, freezing point, reaction capabilities
Most of an atom is empty space |
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- made up of 3 types of elements
- PROTONS (positive charge)
- NEUTRONS (neutral charge)
- ELECTRONS (negative charge) |
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Positive charge
Located in the nucleus of atom
The number of protons = Atomic number |
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Neutral charge
Located in the nucleus of atom.
The number of neutrons and protons = Atomic Mass |
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Negative charge
Orbits the nucleus in a rapidly moving cloud.
Stays in orbit because they are attracted to the positive charge of nucleus |
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Carbon Atom
- hydrogen
12 (top #)is the atomic mass # (protons and neutrons)(6 protons & 6 neutrons)
6 (bottom #)is the atomic number (tells # of protons (carbon 6) |
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An Ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge
An ion is a charged atom |
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| anion: is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge (since electrons are negatively charged and protons are positively charged |
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| cation: is an ion with more protons than electrons, giving it a positive charge. |
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| What does the superscript in S2- mean? |
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| 2- means it picked up 2 extra electrons |
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| Isotopes are different types of atoms of the same chemical element, each having a different number of neutrons. In a corresponding manner, isotopes differ in mass number (or number of nucleons) but never in atomic number. The number of protons (the atomic number) is the same because that is what characterizes a chemical element |
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| rate of radioactive decay = time it takes for half of the atoms in a given sample to decey |
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A bond resulting from attraction of oppositely charged ions
(an ion is a charged atom) |
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| union between electron structures of two or more atoms/ions. Attraction force that holds atoms together in a compound |
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chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms.
- single, double, or triple covalent bonds
* two types of covalent bonds
- non-polar: electrons shared equally
- polar covalent: electrons shared unequally resulting in a partial charge on each side of the bond (or molecule)
- overall charge of molecule still neutral |
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* making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in composition of matter
* energy exchanges
* reactants combine to make products |
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Law of Conservation of Mass
(how things work) |
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* total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants
* Matter is transformed and combined but it doesn't disappear |
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* Environmental problems
* As we use resources to produce disposable goods, we need to pay attention to the waste we have produced.
* Everything goes somewhere - matter is conserved |
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The "no effect" hypothesis.
Proposes a general or default position, such as that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena, or that a potential treatment has no effect |
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| Water is what type of molecule? |
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Water is a polar molecule. Opposite ends of the molecule have opposite charges.
Water is one of the most polar molecule known
Water is the only common substance to exist in the natural environment in all three physical states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. |
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| What percent of the earths surface is water? |
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| 3/4 of the earths surface is water |
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| What percent of the human body is water? |
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| 2/3 of the human body is water |
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| Water is at it's highest density at? |
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| It is less dence that water |
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| A Scatterplot graph is used for? |
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| data, trends, cause and effect |
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| A bar graph is appropriate for? |
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| Groupings such as one group of age 20-30 vs another 30-40, etc. |
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| A line graph is used for? |
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| Time since time is continuous |
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| hydrogen bonding between water molecules |
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| Water is a compound composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. Hydrogen bonds helps to stabalize water. Ice floats as a result of the oxygen bonded to the two hydrogen atoms |
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| A system of theories, assumptions, and methods erroneously regarded as scientific such as astrology, psychokinesis, or clairvoyance. |
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