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| The variable that you intentionally change in an experiment. |
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| The variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable in an experiment. |
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| Variables that are held constant throughout an experiment. |
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| A light microscope consisting of a single convex lens. |
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| A light microscope consisting of more than one convex lens, which allows for greater magnification. |
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| An increase in the apparent size of an object, calculated as the product of the magnifying powers of the objective lens and the eyepiece. |
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| Area that can be seen through the microscope with a given objective lens. |
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| The ability to see differences between structures due to differences in their capacity to absorb light. |
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| The ability to distinguish between two structures that are close together. |
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| A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to produce images of fine detail. |
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| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) |
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| An EM in which a three-dimensional image is formed by electrons bouncing off the surface of the specimen. |
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| Transmission electron microscope (TEM) |
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| An EM in which the image is formed by a beam of electrons that passes through a very thin section of fixed and stained specimen. |
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| The idea that life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter: disproved by Louis Pasteur. |
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| This scientist demonstrated that spontaneous generation couldn't be real in his experiment were he used meat and jars to see which jar maggots appeared in. |
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| This scientist was the scientist who proposed the spontaneous generation theory. |
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| This scientist was most famously known for his contributions towards disproving spontaneous generation. |
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| This scientist was best known for his contributions towards disproving spontaneous generation. |
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| This scientist discovered that all plants are composed of cells. |
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| This scientist discovered that all animals were composed of cells. |
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1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life.
3. All cells are made from pre-existing cells. |
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| A technique to locate the position of specific genes within the genetic make-up of an organism. |
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| A system that exchanges both matter and energy with it's surroundings. |
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| Any system that exchanges energy with it's surroundings but does not exchange matter. |
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| Group of similar cells that preform a specific function. |
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| Group of tissues that work together to preform a specific function. |
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| A set of organs or parts that preforms one or more functions as a unit. |
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| An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form. |
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| Structure that preforms a specific function within a cell. |
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| Structure that surrounds a cell and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and it's environment. |
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| Double layer of outward-facing phosphates and inward-facing fatty acids that form a cell membrane. |
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| Fats and oils formed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a ratio different from 1:2:1; insoluble in water. |
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| Large molecule formed by amino acids; responsible for many structures and functions. |
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| A rigid frame around the cell in plants, bacteria, and some protists; provides strength and support. |
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| Organelle that contains DNA, the genetic material, and directs all cellular activities. ( it's basically the brain of the cell.) |
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| Organelles that preform cellular respiration in a eukaryotic cell. Formula for cellular respiration is (Glucose+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water+energy) |
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| A gel-like substance inside the cell membrane that contains nutrients and in which the organelles are suspended. |
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| A green organelle found in plants that contain chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis. Equation for photosynthesis is (6C02+6H2O=C6H12O6+6O2) |
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| A green pigment that makes photosynthesis possible. |
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| Membrane-enclosed sac within a cell. |
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| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| Network of membrane tubes that branch from the nuclear-envelope and circulate materials throughout the cell. |
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| ER studded with ribosomes. |
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| ER not studded with ribosomes. |
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| Organelle in cytoplasm that is the site of protein synthesis. |
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| Organelle containing enzymes that digest food, destroy bacteria, or break down damaged organelles in cells containing a nucleus. |
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| Flat stack of membranes that receive, modify, and transport products of the ER throughout the cell. |
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| Membrane-enclosed sac that transports materials throughout the cell; the structure is similar to the vacuole. |
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| Paired structures found in animal cells that are important for the process of cell division. |
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| Movement of substances along the concentration gradient; transport process that does not require ATP energy. |
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| Difference within a given area between the highest and lowest concentration of a particular chemical substance. |
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| A state of balance between opposing actions. |
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| Selectively permeable membrane |
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| A natural membrane that allows certain particles to pass through but it excludes others. |
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| Spontaneous movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
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| Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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| Describes a solution that has a higher solution concentration than another solution. |
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| Describes a solution that has a lower solution concentration than another solution. |
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| Shrinking of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane away from the cell wall due to outflow of water in a hypertonic environment. |
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| Describes a solution that has the same solute concentration as another solution. |
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| Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through binding carrier proteins; does not require energy. |
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| A protein present in a cell membrane that binds to a specific molecule and transports it through the membrane. |
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| A protein in the cell membrane that forms a passage way through which specific solutes can pass by diffusion; some channels open and close in response to binding of specific molecules. |
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| Uptake of particles or molecules by formation of a vesicle from the cell membrane; requires energy from ATP. |
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| Release of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export the molecules from the cell; requires energy from ATP. |
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| Total area of external surfaces of an object. |
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| Space, measured in cubic units, occupied or contained by an object. |
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| Surface are to volume ratio |
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Definition
| The ratio between the total area of external surfaces of an object and it's volume. |
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| An organism with only one cell. |
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| An organism with more than one cell. |
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| Levels of biological organization |
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Definition
1. Cell
2. Tissue
3. Organ
4. Organ system
5. Organism |
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| The plant organ system that includes all tissues located below the ground. |
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| The plant organ system that includes all tissue located above the ground. |
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| Extension of a specialized dermal cell on a plant root, which absorbs water and minerals. |
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Definition
| Pressure exerted against a cell wall by the water that has entered the cell through osmosis. |
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| Stomata (singular is Stoma) |
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Definition
| Pores that allow gases to pass through the epidermis of a leaf. |
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| Specialized epidermal cell that swells and contracts to control gas exchange through a stoma in a leaf. |
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| Loss of water from leaves through evaporation. |
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| Tendency of unlike molecules to stick together. |
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Definition
| Tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together. |
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| The ability of the surface of a liquid to cling to the surface of a solid, causing the liquid to move along that solid. |
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| The outermost cell layer of plants; also called epidermis. |
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| The outermost cell layer of plants; also called dermal tissue. |
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Definition
| Waxy, non-cellular, waterproof coating that covers a plant's leaves and stems. |
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Definition
| Parts of the plant body not included in the dermal or vascular tissue systems; function in storage, photosynthesis, and support. |
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Definition
| Specialized ground tissue inside a leaf, made up of thin-walled cells containing chloroplasts. |
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| Layer of loosely spaced mesophyll cells in a leaf; the increased distance between the cells promotes diffusion. |
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| Column-shaped mesophyll cells in a leaf; responsible for photosynthesis. |
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| Transport tissue formed of cells joined into tubes that carry water and nutrients through the body of the plant. |
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Definition
| Strand of xylem, phloem, and associated tissues in a plant. |
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Definition
| Vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from the roots to the leaves in plants. |
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Definition
| Vascular tissue that transports carbohydrates and water from the leaves to the parts of the plant. |
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Definition
| Upward force exerted on water in the xylem in the roots of some plants. |
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Definition
| The tension or pull on water molecules in the xylem due to evaporation of water through the stomata or lenticles on a plant. |
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Definition
| According to the pressure-flow theory, cells that manufacture carbohydrates in plants. |
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Definition
| According to the pressure-flow theory, cells that receive carbohydrates in plants. |
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Definition
| The turning of all or part of an organism in a particular direction in response to an external stimulus. |
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Definition
| Directional plant growth in response to light. |
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| Growth toward the light source. |
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| Growth away from the light source. |
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| Directional plant growth in response to gravity. |
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| Growth against the gravitational force. |
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| Growth towards the gravitational force. |
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| A change in the environment that causes a reaction by the organism. |
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