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Making sense out of the environment through experimental evidence.
(ancient philosophers dealt with thinking only) |
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when what appears to be scientific language is used to convince, confuse, or mislead people into thinking that something has scientific validity when it does not
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1. Observe aspect of nature
2. Propose explantation for something observed (hypothesis)
3. Use explantation to make predictions
4. Test predictions with experiments
5. Modify explanation
6. Return to step 3 |
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| Differs from control group by one influencing factor (independent variable) |
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| The variable that is affected by changes in the independent variable-what scientist is observing |
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| quantities that the scientist wants to remain constant |
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| Statements describing how nature is observed to behave consistently time after time |
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| Broad working explanation that is based on extensive experimental evidence |
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| the process of changing position relative to some reference during a period of time |
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| Change in position with respect to time |
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| Moving over equal distances in equal periods of time |
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| Time interval approaches zero |
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| Describe speed and direction. Graphically represented using vectors. |
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Rate at which motion changes over time
1. Deceleration: negative acceleration |
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a push/pull capable of changing an object's state of motion
-net force: sum of all forces |
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| measure of an object's tendency to resist changes in its motion |
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| falling under influence of gravity without air resistance |
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| Acceleration due to gravity |
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| Newton's 1st Law of Motion |
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| Every object retains its state of rest or its state of uniform straight-line motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force |
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| Newton's 2nd Law of Motion |
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1. Gives a relationship between net force, acceleration, and mass
2.Force causes accelerations |
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| FORCE of gravity acting on a mass ( units=pounds/newtons) |
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| the amount of matter in an object |
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| Newton's 3rd Law of Motion |
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| For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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1. p=mv
2. Conservation of momentum: the total momentum of a group of interacting objects remains the same int he absence of external forces |
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| A force acting on an object for some time, related to a change in motion of an object of a given mass |
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| force that pulls an object out of its straight-line path |
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| Apparent outward tug as direction changes |
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| Newton's Law of Gravitation |
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attraction force between all masses
1. More mass=more weight
2. More distance=less force |
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the product of a force and the distance an object moves as a result of that force. W=Fd.
Measured in Joules |
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| The rate at which work is done. P=W/t |
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Energy due to positio
1. Gravitational: high position
2. Elastic: compressed/stretched spring
3. Electric: when 2 like charges are moved together |
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| Energy associated with motion |
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| Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, Radiant, Nuclear |
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1. Petroleum: oil from rock
2. Coal-impurities
3. Moving water
4. Nuclear |
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1. Solar-cells, power tower, passive application, wind energy, agriculture
2.Geothermal Energy:energy beneath Earth's surface
3. Hydrogen |
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1. Atoms
2. Chemical Elements
3. Compounds
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| all matter is made up of atomes |
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| Pure substances made up of 2 or more different atoms |
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| smallest unit retaining the properties of a compound |
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| Attractive between unlike forces |
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| Attractive forces between like molecules |
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1. Definite shape and volume: atoms are a fixed distance apart and bonded in place
2. Motions in vibration only |
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1. Only weak cohesive bonds between component molecules
2. Motions are vibrations and rotations and limited to sideways motion |
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1. Indefinite volume and shape. Molecules are far apart.
2. Motions are vibrations, rotations, and translation |
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| Have greater average velocity at higher temperatures |
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| AVERAGE kinetic energy molecules have |
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| used to measure temperature |
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| a measure of the internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred |
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| Total potential and kinetic energy of an every day sized object |
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| total kinetic and potential energy of the molecules in that object |
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| the transfer of energy from molecule to molecule |
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Heat transferred when molecules with higher kinetic energy are moved from one place to another
1. Only in liquids and gases |
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| associated with electromagnetic waves |
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Solids-Liquid= melting/freezing
Liquid-Gas= boiling/condensation
Solid-Gas= sublimation |
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| can occur at any temperature, but mostly at high |
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| Gas molecules near the surface lose kinetic energy to liquid molecule and merge |
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| The study of heat and its relationship to mechanical and other forms of energy |
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| the basic building block of all matter |
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| A pure chemical substance that is composed of only one type of atom |
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Columns are families, row are periods
1. Metals tend to lose electrons
2. Nonmetals tend to gain elctrons |
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| Have unlike parts and a composition that varies from sample to sample |
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| A pure substance that can only be broken down by chemical means into a simpler substance |
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| capable of recovering shape after a force deforms it |
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| repetitive back and forth motion |
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| a motion that repeats itself |
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| Maximum extent of displacement from equilibrium |
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| Number of cycles per second |
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| distance from crest to crest |
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| A traveling disturbance that transport energy |
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| Vibration parallel to wave propagation direction |
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| Vibration direction perpendicular |
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| Require no medium; speed varies with inertia, interaction strength, and temperature |
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| direction of wave front changes due to bending |
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| waves bounces off boundary |
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| when original sound is mixed with the reflected sound waves |
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| Constructive Interference |
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| peaks aligned/peaks. total wave enhance |
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| Peaks aligned with troughs. Cancels out |
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| Results of mixing waves with 2 different frequencies |
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| a measure of the energy that a sound wave is carrying |
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| Excitation of natural frequency by a matching external driving frequency. |
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Luminous: producing light
Incandescent: giving off visible light due to high temperatures. |
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| Electromagnetic Wave: Radiant Energy |
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| 1. Radiation is given off by an object when an external force is applied to it. |
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