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discovered by Becquerel in late 1800s
"phosphoresscence" experiment |
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| 3 types of nuclear radiation |
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high energy helium nuclei
least penetrable (paper, foil can block it) |
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high energy electrons
dense wood and heavy clothing can block it |
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high energy electromagnetic radiation
most dangerous
thick lead walls, concrete can block it |
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2nd leading cause of lung cancer in US
alpha emitter |
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breaking apart
stable ratios in nucleus
if isotope has too many neutrons, not stable-likely to decay
otto han bombarded Uranium 92 with neutrons and got Ba 56
he sent his data to lise mietner who coined the term nuclear fission
produces huge amounts of energy and 3 extra neutrons |
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in order for it to occur, had to have a critical mass (must be purified)
neutrons hit atoms and produce more neutrons |
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US plan to build the first atomic weapon
production facilities in washington and oak ridge tn
oak ridge was where the separation of U-235 from U-238 occurred |
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little boy-assembled in Los Alamos, NM
fat man
both types need an initiator (neutron source) |
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| first and only military use |
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exploded above Hiroshima and Nagasaki on Aug 6 and 9 1945
complete devastation for a 2 mile radius
unfortunately the technology is fairly simple |
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fusion- several smaller atoms come together releasing energy
in the sun, 4 hydrogen atoms fuse to make helium + positrons + electrons
in the bomb, deuterium + tritium fuse at high temperatures |
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nuclear power
provides ~15% of world's electricity
80% in france
30% in Japan
20% in US |
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| problems with nuclear energy |
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terrorist threats
waste disposal- Yucca mountain
environmental disasters- 3 mile island, Chernobyl, Fukushima |
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somatic damage- radiation burns
genetic damage- radiation affects womens' eggs |
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carbon 14 reacts to form 14 CO2
becomes incorporated into living objects while they are alive
by measuring ratios of C isotopes, can tell age of species
shroud of turin- jesus' burial cloth? |
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I-131 used to treat thyroid disorders and cancer
Cobalt-60 used to treat cancer
PET scan |
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in everything alive
valence structure C (4 dots around)
likes to make 4 bonds
hydrocarbon- hydrogen and carbon |
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alkanes-single bond
alkenes- double bond
alkynes- triple bond
aromatics |
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same chemical formula, different structure
naming: identify longest carbon chain |
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| have at least one double bond, 4 electrons shared |
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| have at least one triple bond, share 6 electrons |
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| contain a ring structure, all single bonds |
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most smell good
contain benzene- c6h6 extremely stable |
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something consumed to produce energy
gas, food, wood, coal etc. |
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petra- rock, oleum- oil
mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds
must be separated into components to be useful
fractional distillation-fractions separated based on their volatility |
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| make chemical energy into kinetic energy |
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| intake, compression, power, exhaust |
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| high compression ratio- more fuel efficient |
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ignition doesn't fire consistently
likelihood increases with increased compression ratio
may need gasoline with a higher octane rating |
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measure of a gasoline's resistence to knocking
2,2,4 trimethylpentane-if used in car it won't knock
heptane knocks readily
most common blends are 87,89,93 |
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cheap way to improve octane rating
poisons environment
also poisoned catalytic converters |
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| MTBE methyl tert-butyll ether |
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used as octane enhancer and an oxygenate
pollutes water supply
being replaced with ethanol |
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# of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12
6.02 x 10^23 |
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| how much solute is dissolved in given amount of solvent |
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| moles of solute/L of solution |
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ppm
mg of solute per L of solution |
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ppb
micrograms of solute per L of solution |
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| taste sour, turn litmus red, react with certain metals to release H30+ |
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| taste bitter, turn litmus blue, feel slippery, release OH in solution |
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| acids and bases can react together to form a salt (and frequently water) |
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| compound produced by a neutralization reaction |
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| Arrhenius (what he said about acids and bases) |
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acid produces H+ (proton or hydronium) in water
base produces OH-(hydroxide ion) in water |
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an acid can transfer a proton to another species
a base can accept a proton from another species |
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concentrations are fixed, reactions always occurring but you can't measure it
they occur both ways |
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at any given point in time, there are free H3O+ and free OH- in pure water
as long as their concentrations are equal, we say that the water is neutral |
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ionize completely in water
ex. sulfuric acid-H2SO4, hydrochloric acid-HCl, nitirc acid-HNO3 |
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partially ionize in water
ex. citric acid, acetic acid |
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ionize completely in water
ex. NaOH, KOH |
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partially ionize in water
ex. NaHCO3, NH3 |
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power of hydronium ion
-log [H30+] |
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| [H30+] x [OH-} = 1x10^-14 |
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MOLECULES OF THE DAY:
need it in our diet
we get most from fruits and veggies
B vitamin
helps reduce risk of vascular disease
prevents neural tube defects in developing fetuses |
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colorless liquid
found as an ester in butter and some cheeses
formed from sugars by bacteria
rancid unpleasant odor
locker room smell |
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most important in pro-vitamin A family
occurs naturally, usually with chlorophyll
yellow coloring agents for foods
found in carrots
good for eyes |
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originally derived from plants
1700s- 2nd only to rice as cash crop
can now be synthesixed from napthalene
used to color original star spangled banner
used to color blue jeans |
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highly soluble in lipids
prescription drug to alleviate sever pain
used as a treatment for narcotic withdrawl
used in detoxifying opiate addicts
becoming more frequently abused |
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approved by FDA in 1998
similar to sucrose
made by chlorinating sucrose
no nutritional vlaue
mixed with maltodextrin and sold as splenda |
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naturally occurring phytoalexin
found in grapes, soybeans and peanuts
may function as an anti-oxidant
may prevent cancer, heart disease, and extend your life
may be responsible for the french paradox |
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an oil mixture
found in plants
R group dependent on species
can cause contact dermatitus |
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soluble in water
heavy skunk odor
used as additive in natural gas |
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hormone/ chemical transmiter
released by mast cells
can cause gastric acid secretion, breathing difficulty, itchy watery eyes |
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