Term
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Definition
s the biological process by
which new individual organisms –
offspring – are produced from their
parents |
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Term
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Definition
Does not involve the fusion
of sex cells
Requires only one parent
Offspring known as clones
are genetically identical to
parents |
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Term
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Definition
Involves fusion of two sex
cells to form a zygote
Usually requires two
parents
Offspring show variations
are not the exact copy of
the parents |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
are horizontal stems that grow above the ground, such as strawberry plants. Buds develop along the stolon and eventually
root themselves in the ground. If the stolon is broken or dies, these daughter
plants live on. |
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Definition
| thickened ends of rhizomes. |
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Definition
are short, vertical, swollen underground plant stems
that serve as storage organs of some plants such as taro, gladioli, and
crocuses. |
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Term
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Definition
are modified stems that grow underground. They grow horizontally
in different directions. Over a certain time the old portion dies,
leaving behind two branches that grow into different plants. |
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Term
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Definition
round, modified underground buds covered with bulb scales that
Are modified leaves |
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Definition
r small axillary bulbs, initially
attached to the parent bulb |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to stolons but develop from roots instead of stems, and are found underground |
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Term
| artificial plant propagation |
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Definition
asexual method of plant reproduction is also practiced with a little help
from humans |
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Term
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Definition
a plant hormone produced in the
stem tip that promotes cell elongation |
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Term
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Definition
| y involves attaching a piece of stem from one plant to a root or root bearing stem of another plant |
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Term
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Definition
| an assemblage of conducting tissues and associated supportive fibres |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue transports water and dissolved minerals to the leaves |
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Term
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Definition
tissue conducts food from the
leaves to all parts of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
the growth of plant tissues in an artificial liquid or solid culture media, provides an alternative means to grow
new plants in mass numbers |
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Term
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Definition
body of a unicellular parent divides into
two equal parts by mitosis and produces an offspring that develops
similarly as the parent |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the repeated division of the nucleus before that of the cytoplasm, which ends up producing many daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
the unequal division of an organism’s body where a new
individual arises as an outgrowth or bud from its parent that then
detaches and becomes a separate individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| happens when an aggregation of cells surrounded by a resistant capsule is used to form a new individual. These are structures formed by sponge species during periods of environmental stress and disturbance. |
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Definition
| happens when an animal breaks into two or more parts, with each fragment capable of forming into a new individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual structures of angiosperms |
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Term
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Definition
e the outermost of the four and resemble leaves in a round configuration. They cover and protect the
developing shoot |
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Term
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Definition
the
developing shoot, and are collectively known as the |
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Definition
plants that produce flowers and bear their
seeds in fruits |
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Term
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Definition
| e broad, flat, and thin but greatly differ in shape, size, and colo |
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Term
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Definition
These petal structures,
collectively known as the ___, attract pollinators. |
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Term
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Definition
| e found inside the petals, each having filament and anther |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin stalk that contains the anther on its topmost part. |
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Term
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Definition
| is where pollen grains are formed |
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Term
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Definition
| in the center or top of most flowers comprise the pistil |
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Term
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Definition
| undergoes cell division and develops into two sperm cells, the male gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a pollen tube through which the sperm cells travel |
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Term
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Definition
| may be composed of a single carpel or a group of fused carpels, but each has three sections (stigma, style, ovary) |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as the receptacle for the pollen grains |
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Term
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Definition
| a hollow structure where the pollen tube develops |
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Term
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Definition
| contains one or more ovules, the female gametes |
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Term
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Definition
The pollen grains from the
anther must reach the stigma of the pistil |
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Term
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Definition
reproductive process that occurs when pollination
is done within the same flower or different flowers of the same
individual plant |
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Term
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Definition
pollination when another
individual of the same species is involved. |
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Term
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Definition
, fertilization takes place and result in the generation of a ___ in
which it forms the seeds and the mature ovary becomes the fruit. |
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Term
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Definition
serve as food storage for the plant embryo
since it is still not able to perform photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
e testes produce male gametes, while the ovaries produce the females gametes
through the process of ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| they possess both male and female organs |
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Term
Gametogenesis
Spawning or mating
Fertilization |
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Definition
| Sexual reproduction in animals occurs in three fundamental steps: |
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Term
| sequential hermaphroditism |
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Definition
| individuals can change their sex in response to social or environmental pressures |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual reproduction occurs outside of the body |
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Term
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Definition
, females lay eggs somewhere usually on the sea bed or river bed. Then the male
comes along and sprays the eggs with sperm cells and fertilization takes place |
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Term
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Definition
Animals that practice
external fertilization are called ___ organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| In animals and mammals (including humans), fertilization takes place inside the body of the female. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical sexual union |
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Term
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Definition
The union of the haploid sperm and the haploid egg results
in a single diploid cell called a ____, developing later into an embryo |
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Definition
| Leaves, stems, and vascular system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant, Flexible, thin-walled cells; living |
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Term
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Definition
thin wall permeable to gasses
large central vacuole
able to divide and differentiate |
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Term
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Definition
| Photosynthesis; hormone secretion; sugar storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick-walled (uneven); living |
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Term
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Definition
Offers support (flexible & strong)
Able to elongate
Grouped in strands, lack secondary wall |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Offer support
Thick secondary walls with lignin
Rigid (cannot elongate) |
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Term
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Definition
| Two types of sclerenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| Outer covering, Protection |
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Term
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Definition
“Vessels” throughout plant
Transport materials |
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Term
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Definition
“Body” of plant
Photosynthesis; storage;
support |
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Term
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Definition
Outer layer
Cuticle: Waxy covering - reduces evaporation/ predation
Root Hairs: extended root surface - Increase absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Only in woody plants (“bark = dead cells”)
Protection; support |
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Term
| Trichomes, Root hairs, and Guard cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Hairlike outgrowths of epidermis
Keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
Tube extensions from epidermal cells
Greatly increase the root’s surface area for absorption |
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Term
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Definition
Paired sausage-shaped cells
Flank a stoma |
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Term
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Definition
epidermal opening
Passageway for oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor |
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Term
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Definition
| Arranged in multiple bundles or central cylinder |
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Definition
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Definition
| dead at maturity): transports water and minerals roots to shoots |
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Term
| Tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Most vascular plants
- Long, thin, tapered ends, lignified secondary walls
- Water moves cell to cell through pits |
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Term
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Definition
- Wider and shorter
- Perforation plates ends of vessel elements
- water flows freely though perforation plates |
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Term
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Definition
| (living at maturity) cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Wide, tube-like cells in phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| support and regulate sieve tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| - Moves water, sugar, amino acids & hormones |
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Term
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Definition
• Living parenchyma
• Long narrow cells stack end to end
• Pores in end walls (sieve plates)
• Lack most cellular structures including:
• Distinct vacuole, Some cytoskeletal elements, Nucleus, Ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
• Adjacent to every sieve tube element
• Non-conducting.
• Regulate both cells
• Connected by numerous plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular |
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Term
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Definition
| Ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue is ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ground tissue external to the vascular tissue is ___. |
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Term
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Definition
Anchoring the plant
Absorbing minerals and
water
- Storing organic nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| Typical of dicots, primary root forms and small branch roots grow from it |
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Term
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Definition
| In monocots mostly, primary root dies, replaced by new roots from stem |
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Term
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Definition
| – waterproof barrier material surrounding vasculature |
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Term
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Definition
an organ made of
An alternating system of nodes, points at which leaves attach |
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Term
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Definition
| stem length between nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| structure that can form a lateral shoot, or branch |
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Term
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Definition
| located near the shoot tip, lengthens a shoot |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains dormancy in most nonapical buds |
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Term
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Definition
| generally have a flattened blade and a stalk |
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Term
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Definition
| stalk in leaves which joins the leaf to a node of the stem |
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Term
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Definition
the main photosynthetic
organ of most
vascular plants |
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Term
| Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| high photosynthesis, common for dicots |
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Term
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Definition
| air spaces for gas & water exchange, common for dicots |
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Term
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Definition
| Leaf epidermis contains ___ that allow CO2 exchange |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Cells specialized in structure & role |
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Definition
| Form stable, permanent part of plant |
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Term
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Definition
Apical Meristems:
Mitotic cells at “tips” of roots / stems |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral Meristems: Mitotic cells “hips” of plant |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for increases in stem/root diameter |
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Definition
| between primary xylem and phloem |
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Definition
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Definition
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| are located near the tips of stems and roots and between a plant’s xylem and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| special areas where growth is occurring in plants are called |
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Term
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Definition
| those meristems at the tips of stems and roots |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of cell division located parallel to the sides of a plant |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for growth in thickness; vascular cambium and cork cambium |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances which are made by plants and which affect how plant tissue growth by stimulating plant cells to divide, to enlarge, or to stop growing |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant growth hormone produced in the growing tips of plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth, apical dominance (one main shoot), phototropism & gravitropism |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth (shoot elongation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth (cell division), promotes lateral buds |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant's directional growth response to a physical stimulus |
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Definition
| when the plant grows toward the stimulus |
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Definition
| when the plant grows away from the stimulus |
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| the condition of a plant when grown in the absence of light elongated stems with small, pale leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of daylight affects the photoperiodism of plants the chief factor affecting flowering |
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Term
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Definition
| the response of a plant to changes in the length of daylight |
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Term
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Definition
plants that flower
when exposed to
less than 12 hours of sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
(bloom when the days are short and the
nights are long) |
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Term
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Definition
| require more than 12 hours of light |
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Term
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Definition
| bloom with long periods of light and short periods of darkness |
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Definition
| flower independently of a photoperiod |
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