Term
What is a School Psychologist? |
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Definition
-Interested in developmental issues, serve children with mental health issues, educational issues.
-Help children and youth succeed academically, socially, and emotionally
-Highly trained in both psychology and education
-Must be certified or licensed
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Term
What do School Psychologists do? |
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Definition
-Consultation
-Assessment/evaluation
-Intervention
-Prevention - before it becomes a serious problem
-Research and planning
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Term
| Where do School Psychologists work? |
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Definition
-Majority work in schools
-School-based health centers
-Clinics and hospitals
-Universities
-Community and state agencies
-Other institutions |
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Term
| Becoming a School Psychologist |
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Definition
-Must complete graduate level training
-Practicum experience - part of program hours, supervised by faculty, thend to be focused and limited, gradually increase in involvement
-Internship experience - completed after course work is completed, not limited to specific skills, much more integrated; field supervisor(in charge of your internship); can possible be paid; by the end of internship you are ready for the workforce |
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Term
| Differing between school psychology and related professions: |
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Definition
| school psychology NOT guidance counselor |
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Term
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Definition
-Clinical psychology (abnormal behavior)
-Counseling psychology (day to day problems)
-Ph.D. programs
-All work with children, adolescence, and families
-School counseling (guidance counselor)
-vocational/jobs
-selecting classes
-applying to college
-expand to help with school stress
-at elementary level - very flexible and more applied, talk to classes about things like bullying |
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Term
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Definition
-social workers that work in the schools
-acts as students advocate
-deals with mental and social problems |
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Term
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Definition
-work closely with all of the above
- spend more time in testing, educational issues and disabilities
-work more with children that have disabilities
-individual assessment |
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Term
| Exceptional child (broad term) |
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Definition
individuals who differ from societal/community standards of normalcy
-differences may be due to significant physical, sensory, cognitive, or behavioral characteristics
includes GT |
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Term
| Need for special education? |
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Definition
-just because exceptional not always special education
-visual impairment
-hearing impairment
-depression
-Look at best interest of the child |
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Term
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Definition
| putting people first not focusing on their disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| limitations imposed on an individual (physical, cognitive, sensory, emotional, learning disabled, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| impact of the disability (social marginalization, discrimination due to perceptions, etc) |
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Term
| Developmentally Delayed & At Risk: |
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Definition
| infants and preschoolers in need of services or at risk to develop a disability. What is considered delayed or at risk varies from state to state |
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Term
| What is Special Education? |
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Definition
-a customized instructional program designed to meet the unique needs of an individual learner---specialized instruction
-equipment
-services(counseling, PT, Speech) |
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Term
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Definition
-speech-language pathologists
-physical therapists
-psychologists
-social workers
-occupational therapist |
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Term
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Definition
: a label is assigned to individuals who share common characteristics and features
-13 Categories (pg. 11; apndx 592 - 593)
-Identified by PL 108-446 - The Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of ‘04
-left up to stats to define criteria for each group (Federal guidelines provide a very broad definition)
-Have to be placed in a category to receive treatment
-G&T doesn’t fall under one of the 13 |
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Term
| Categories and Labels Controversy |
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Definition
-no consensus
-Con - labeling stigma and discrimination
-Pro - labels result in students having access to services and help |
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Term
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Definition
-just identify and serve the needs
-research interventions not tied to specific category
-looks at child by child basis
-“Labels belong on jelly jars not KIDS!” |
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Term
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Definition
| number of new disabilities within a given year |
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Term
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Definition
total number of individuals with certain disabilities currently existing in a population within a given year
-6.1 million people between 6 - 21 years old are reported as having a disability and receiving special education (2005 - 2006 in US)
-increase of 95% since 1976 - 1977
-other stressors and things put people at risk
-knowledge and funding |
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Term
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Definition
-LD is ½ of all individuals with disabilities has grown quickly
-developmental delay
-government testing |
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Term
| Jean Marc - Gaspard Itard |
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Definition
Victor - “Wild Boy of Aveyron”
Victor was found abandoned naked in the woods, with no social skills, never learned language
raised by wolves “?”
JMGI tried to work with him (behavior modification)
father of Special Education |
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Term
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Definition
-Reverend in the US
-traveled to Europe
-American School for Deaf
-Institutions and Asylums
-philanthropist set up institutions
-planned for it for provide education and treatment for those with disabilities
turned into custodial care
-went wild |
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Term
| Special Education classes in public school |
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Definition
-began to separate facilities then self-contained classrooms (kept very separate)
-education was a privilege ($)
-20th century laws brought change |
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Term
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Definition
| least restricted environment |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education (of Topeka, Kansas, 1954) |
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Definition
Landmark school desegregation case
-Segregating students based on race is unconstitutional and violates the 14th amendment. |
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Term
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972)
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children |
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Definition
-Cannot segregate children out of schools due to mental retardation
-Did not cover other disabilities |
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Term
| Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia (1972) |
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Definition
-Right to Education
-Covered many disabilities.
*Do not have to focus on years for tests |
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Term
| Larry P. v. Riles (1972, 1979) |
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Definition
-Main argument was that professionals should not place African American children in classes for mentally disabled based on IQ tests alone.
-IQ tests were accused of being racially bias, has affected school psychologists because it implemented the need for multiple testing instruments/ assessments before placing ANY child in a special education setting. |
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Term
| Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (1982) |
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Definition
-First U.S. Supreme Court interpretation of PL 94-142 [PL=Public Law]
-Appropriate Education was the focus of this case.
-PL94-142 is a law that states all individuals with disabilities must receive an “appropriate” education.
Appropriate was left very broad. Court case developed because of a kindergarten student with a hearing impairment. Parents requested an interpreter for the students, the interpreted assessed that their services did not benefit the child; parents sued the school and lost.
-Defined an “appropriate” education as a reasonable opportunity to learn, not an optimal opportunity. |
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Term
| Daniel R.R. v. State Board of Education (1989) |
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Definition
-Dealt with students with Down Syndrome
-Parents wanted Daniel to be placed in a regular pre-kindergarten class. This caused negative impact on other children because teacher was spending too much time with Daniel and not with the other children. Parents sued but court sided with school because they followed proper procedures. |
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Term
| Oberti v. Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District (1992) |
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Definition
-Parents sued and won this case because the school did not first try a general ed. environment with support.
Both cases addressed:
-Class placement
-Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) |
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Term
| PL 94-142 (1975) Education for All Handicapped Children Act |
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Definition
| -The most important law ever enacted for children with special needs |
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Term
| -Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) [Key idea of PL94-142] |
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Definition
| All children regardless of their disability must be given a free appropriate public education with no additional cost to the parent. |
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Term
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
[Key idea of PL94-142] |
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Definition
| Children with disabilities are to be educated to the maximum extent possible/appropriate with children without disabilities. |
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Term
| Individualized Education Program/Plan (IEP) [Key idea of PL94-142] |
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Definition
| Legal document that describes the educational plan for the child with disabilities. Parent or guardian must be a part of this process/team. |
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Term
| Procedural Due Process [Key idea of PL94-142] |
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Definition
| Safeguards that have been put in place for parents that pertain to children with disabilities. Ex. Must keep records confidential, parents have the right to examine these records, allows for due process hearings. |
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Term
| Nondiscriminatory Assessment [Key idea of PL94-142] |
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Definition
| Prior to a child being placed in special education, the child must be evaluated by a multi-disciplinary team in all areas of the suspected disability with tests that aren’t racially, culturally, or linguistically biased. (pg. 49) |
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Term
| Parental Participation [Key ideas of PL94-142] |
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Definition
Meaningful parental participation is REQUIRED.
(FOR AGES 6-21) |
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Term
| PL99-457 (1986 Amendments to PL94-142) |
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Definition
-Focused on children ages 3-5 (now can be up to age 6)
-Only have to be labeled developmentally delayed |
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Term
| Key ideas of PL99-457 (1986 Amendments to PL94-142) |
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Definition
-Affected education and services for young children with special need and their families
-Preschoolers (age 3-5)
-Children from birth through age 2
-Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) is an IEP for younger children.
-Gives financial incentive to states that spend time seeking out these individuals. |
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Term
| PL 101-476 (1990 Amendments to PL94-142) |
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Definition
Key Ideas:
-Renamed PL 94-142 as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Person first language was developed
-Individual Transition Plan (ITP) required
A plan that helps students with disabilities transition into the adult world (Must be added to the IEP by the age of 16).
-Expanded related services
-Added autism and traumatic brain injury as distinct disability categories
-States held accountable
Allowed parents to sue school districts and states if their child’s needs were not being met. |
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Term
| PL 105-17 (1997 Amendments to IDEA) |
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Definition
Key Ideas:
-Disciplinary considerations
Prior to this change the law did not say anything about the disciplinary actions of students with disabilities. (Suspension, expulsion, creation of home based services)
-IEP changes
ITP development age changed from 16 to 14.
Regular education teachers must be a part of the IEP team.
-Expanded category of developmental delay
changed age to 3-9
-Evaluation and reevaluation requirements changed
-Performance goals/accountability |
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Term
| Key Civil Rights Legislation |
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Definition
section 504 of the Rehabilitation of Act of 1973
-employs a broader definition of eligibility than IDEA
-schools may be required to develop plans to meet the needs of students who require
Accommodations
-section 504 covers the entire life span not just the school years |
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Term
| PL 101-336 (1990) American with Disabilities Act (ADA) |
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Definition
-designed to eliminate discrimination against people with disabilities in the public and private
sectors
-expanded definitions of eligibility may include people with AIDS, substance abuse issues, or any
impairment that limits a major life activity
-employers, mass transit systems, and companies who provide products and services must make
“reasonable accommodations” |
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Term
Recent Education Reform
NO child left behind act of 2001 (PL 107-110) |
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Definition
-Includes annual testing for schools to demonstrate adequate yearly progress of all students in
mathematics and reading |
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Term
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (PL 108-446) reauthorizes IDEA
changes: |
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Definition
-IEP requirements
-Identification of students with learning disabilities
-highly qualified special education teachers (read on own)
-discipline (manifestation determination)
-due process
-statue of limitations (2 yrs) |
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Term
Evaluation of students [(PL 108-446) reauthorizes IDEA
changes] |
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Definition
-60 day time line to test a child for a disability
retested every 3 years
-can’t retest for qualify unless parents teachers and psychologist agree (w/in a yr)
-assessment participation require that all students to participate in all state and district wide testing expect for 1%
-district is allowed decide who is in this 1%
-tested in a special way |
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Term
| Ethical Issues (not in book) |
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Definition
-ethical codes are not enforced by law
-intended to guide the appropriate practice of psychology and to protect clients
-should be take just as seriously as legal mandates |
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Term
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Definition
-Two primary codes for School Psychologists
APA’s ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (200)
NASP’s Principles for Professional Ethics (2002) |
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Term
| Competence [major ethical issue] |
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Definition
| school psych should only engage in activities in which they are qualified and competent |
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| Professional Relationships [Major ethical issues] |
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Definition
-psychologist avoid dual or multiple with clients
-NASP addresses current and past relationships
-informed consent |
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Term
| Privacy/Confidentiality [Major ethical issue] |
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Definition
| requires written permission from client to share information |
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Term
| Limits to Confidentiality [Major ethical issue] |
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Definition
Child Abuse & Neglect
-varies from state to state
-report to child protected services
Duty to Protect (duty to warn) |
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Term
| Tarasoff v. Regents of the Univ. Of California (1974) |
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Definition
-privileged communications
-information private in court settings
-in many states judges can overrule and allow you to talk |
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Term
| Steps of the Special Education process |
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Definition
1. pre-referral
2. Referral
3. Assessment |
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Term
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Definition
| -interventions are designed by a support team and implemented within the classroom to assist a struggling child |
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Term
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Definition
-Written request for a student to be tested
*Usually made from regular education teacher but can be from many other sources
-Child is referred for assessment |
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Term
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Definition
-Demographic info
-Detailed description of why the request is being made
-Document student’s current academic and/or social/behavioral performance |
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Term
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Definition
-evaluation is conducted by a multidisciplinary team to determine if a disability is present.
*Problem solving teams, child study teams, student assistance teams. |
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Term
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Definition
-First step involves securing consent (from parent or guardian)process of gathering information for the purpose of making decision
- A lot of different tools available for assessment
- Must be done in a multidisciplinary setting and conducted with more than one tool!
-Requires a multidisciplinary team
-No one procedure may be used as the sole basis of evaluation |
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Term
| Norm-referenced assessments |
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Definition
-standardized: standard score (set mean and set standard deviation)
-compares individual’s performance to others of same age
-intelligence and achievement tests |
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Term
| Criterion-referenced assessments |
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Definition
| Student’s performance compared to a particular level of mastery |
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Term
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Definition
-Standardized measures of intellectual ability (IQ test) most commonly used assessment tools by school psychologists.
Examples
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Stanford Binet |
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Term
| Standardized Norm-Reference Achievement Tests |
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Definition
-Measures achievement in a variety of areas (reading, writing, math, spelling etc.)
-Cannot administer more than once |
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Term
| Curriculum-Based Assessment/Measurement (Probes) |
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Definition
-Tests that also measure achievement but is tied to what is actually taught in the classroom
-Are designed to be used more than once |
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Term
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Definition
| -Projecting onto a stimulus thoughts, feelings, attitudes |
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Term
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Definition
Rating Scales
Interviews
Observations |
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Term
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Definition
| typically used in schools when assigning special education labels |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically used in clinical practice when assigning DSM-IV labels |
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Term
| Traditional View of Service Delivery Options |
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Definition
-Regular classroom with modifications and supportive services
-Regular classroom plus resource room services
-Part-time special class (part-time regular classroom)
-Full-time special class
-Special day school
-Residential school
-Homebound instruction
-Hospitals and treatment centers |
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Term
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Definition
| the attitudes, values, belief systems, norms, and traditions shared by a group of people |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| strategy where students are taught through their native language while developing competency in English |
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Term
| English as a Second Language (ESL) |
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Definition
| not synonymous with Bilingual education because it only really focuses on English |
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Term
| Bilingual Special Education Considerations |
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Definition
| -Students who are culturally or linguistically diverse and have a disability present significant challenges for educators. |
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Term
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Definition
-Test revisions
-Reducing bias
-Re-norming
-Multiple Intelligences
-Portfolio assessments
-Type of performance-based assessment |
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Term
| Disproportional Representation of Minority Students in Special Education programs |
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Definition
-overrepresentation of minority students in special education programs
-underrepresentation of minority students in gifted and talented |
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