You notice a stream of bees flying to an area within your garden's wooden fence, and then later you notice what appears to be saw dust on the ground next to a little hole in the fence. You start to wonder what if the bees have anything to do with the holes. If you were following a scientific method of investigation, your next step would be to do which of the following?

Select one:

a. Form several possible hypotheses to explain what created the holes.

b. Run a series of controlled experiments to analyze the hole.

c. Draw conclusions about what is making the holes.

d. Propose a theory that explains the bee’s behavior.

You notice a stream of bees flying to an area within your garden's wooden fence, and then later you notice what appears to be saw dust on the ground next to a little hole in the fence. You start to wonder what if the bees have anything to do with the holes. If you were following a scientific method of investigation, your next step would be to do which of the following?

Select one:

a. Form several possible hypotheses to explain what created the holes.

b. Run a series of controlled experiments to analyze the hole.

c. Draw conclusions about what is making the holes.

d. Propose a theory that explains the bee’s behavior.

In an effort to improve crop yield, a rancher tries different kinds of fertilizers. She uses an organic fertilizer on one field and a chemical fertilizer on another. A third field is not fertilized. The two fertilizers represent what part of her experiment?
Select one:

a. The hypothesis

b. The control

c. The variables

d. The predictions

In an effort to improve crop yield, a rancher tries different kinds of fertilizers. She uses an organic fertilizer on one field and a chemical fertilizer on another. A third field is not fertilized. The two fertilizers represent what part of her experiment?
Select one:

a. The hypothesis

b. The control

c. The variables

d. The predictions

Which of the following has the least amount of mass?

Select one:

a. A neutron

b. A proton

c. An electron

d. An atom

Which of the following has the least amount of mass?

Select one:

a. A neutron

b. A proton

c. An electron

d. An atom

In the picture below, where would the electrons be located?

[image]

Select one:

a. In area “A”

b. In area “B”

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

In the picture below, where would the electrons be located?

[image]

Select one:

a. In area “A”

b. In area “B”

c. All of the above

d. None of the above

Cliff, an entomologist, is studying the behavior of water beetles. These small insects are able to suspend themselves on the surface of the pond while searching for food and mates. What property of water allows this phenomenon to occur?

Select one:

a. Heat storage

b. Ionization of water

c. Polarity

d. Cohesion

Cliff, an entomologist, is studying the behavior of water beetles. These small insects are able to suspend themselves on the surface of the pond while searching for food and mates. What property of water allows this phenomenon to occur?

Select one:

a. Heat storage

b. Ionization of water

c. Polarity

d. Cohesion

Which is likely to store more energy per gram?

Select one:

a. Lipids

b. Carbohydrates

c. Proteins

d. Nucleic acids

Which is likely to store more energy per gram?

Select one:

a. Lipids

b. Carbohydrates

c. Proteins

d. Nucleic acids

Which of the following macromolecules are matched correctly with their function?

Select one:

a. Proteins (e.g. enzymes) — used to speed chemical reactions

b. Nucleic acids — provide genetic information storage

c. Lipids — act as long-term energy storage and membrane structure

d. All of the above

Which of the following macromolecules are matched correctly with their function?

Select one:

a. Proteins (e.g. enzymes) — used to speed chemical reactions

b. Nucleic acids — provide genetic information storage

c. Lipids — act as long-term energy storage and membrane structure

d. All of the above

What type of cellular molecules are hormones, form cartilage and hair, and speed up chemical reactions (i.e. enzymes)?

Select one:

a. Centrosomes

b. RNA

c. Proteins

d. DNA

What type of cellular molecules are hormones, form cartilage and hair, and speed up chemical reactions (i.e. enzymes)?

Select one:

a. Centrosomes

b. RNA

c. Proteins

d. DNA

The artificial cell is composed of a semipermeable membrane. Monosaccharides, such as glucose, can pass through the membrane but disaccharides cannot. The cell is filled with 400 g sucrose / L water and 100 g glucose / L water. The solution surrounding the cells is 100 g sucrose / L water and 200 g glucose / L water. After several days, which of the following occurs?

Select one:

a. The concentration of glucose will be greater inside the cell than outside the cell.

b. The concentration of sucrose will be less inside the cell than outside the cell.

c. Glucose will move at an equal rate in both directions across the membrane.

d. Glucose will not move across the membrane.

The artificial cell is composed of a semipermeable membrane. Monosaccharides, such as glucose, can pass through the membrane but disaccharides cannot. The cell is filled with 400 g sucrose / L water and 100 g glucose / L water. The solution surrounding the cells is 100 g sucrose / L water and 200 g glucose / L water. After several days, which of the following occurs?

Select one:

a. The concentration of glucose will be greater inside the cell than outside the cell.

b. The concentration of sucrose will be less inside the cell than outside the cell.

c. Glucose will move at an equal rate in both directions across the membrane.

d. Glucose will not move across the membrane.

Which organelle is matched correctly with its primary function?
Select one:
a. Cell wall — synthesis and processing of proteins
b. Nucleus — encloses genetic material
c. Golgi apparatus — cellular respiration and ATP synthesis
d. None of the above

Which organelle is matched correctly with its primary function?
Select one:
a. Cell wall — synthesis and processing of proteins
b. Nucleus — encloses genetic material
c. Golgi apparatus — cellular respiration and ATP synthesis
d. None of the above

A typical plant cell may have which of the following?
Select one:
a. Cell membrane
b. Central vacuole
c. Mitochondria
d. All of the above

A typical plant cell may have which of the following?
Select one:
a. Cell membrane
b. Central vacuole
c. Mitochondria
d. All of the above

What are the primary differences between cells like bacteria and cells like those found in plants and animals?
Select one:
a. Cell wall
b. Nucleus
c. Ribosomes
d. RNA

What are the primary differences between cells like bacteria and cells like those found in plants and animals?
Select one:
a. Cell wall
b. Nucleus
c. Ribosomes
d. RNA

What is the function of the cell membrane?
Select one:
a. It regulates what substances move into and out of the cell.
b. It controls the organelles within the cell.
c. It provides energy to the cell.
d. It provides the material for production of proteins.

What is the function of the cell membrane?
Select one:
a. It regulates what substances move into and out of the cell.
b. It controls the organelles within the cell.
c. It provides energy to the cell.
d. It provides the material for production of proteins.

Fill in the blank. Theo, a researcher on a marine vessel, discovers an organism with the following characteristics: 1) it has no nucleus; 2) it does not require oxygen in order to exist; and 3) it is 0.000002m in size. Theo determines that the organism is ________________.
Select one:
a. A plant cell
b. A bacterium
c. An animal cell
d. Both a plant cell and bacterium

Fill in the blank. Theo, a researcher on a marine vessel, discovers an organism with the following characteristics: 1) it has no nucleus; 2) it does not require oxygen in order to exist; and 3) it is 0.000002m in size. Theo determines that the organism is ________________.
Select one:
a. A plant cell
b. A bacterium
c. An animal cell
d. Both a plant cell and bacterium

How can a chemical messenger enter a cell when the signal molecule is too large to easily cross the cell membrane?
Select one:
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Exocytosis
d. Bind to receptor proteins

How can a chemical messenger enter a cell when the signal molecule is too large to easily cross the cell membrane?
Select one:
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Exocytosis
d. Bind to receptor proteins

Claire, a microbiologist at Yellow Stone National Park, is classifying organisms that were living in one of the natural hot pools. She notes that all of the organisms are prokaryotic cells. She knew this because the specimens lacked which of the following?
Select one:
a. Internal compartmentalization
b. Membrane-bound organelles
c. A nucleus
d. All of the above

Claire, a microbiologist at Yellow Stone National Park, is classifying organisms that were living in one of the natural hot pools. She notes that all of the organisms are prokaryotic cells. She knew this because the specimens lacked which of the following?
Select one:
a. Internal compartmentalization
b. Membrane-bound organelles
c. A nucleus
d. All of the above

Some bears hibernate during winter. They may lose 15% to 30% of their total biomass (measure as weight) during hibernation. Where did the biomass go?

Select one:

a. The mass was converted to urine and feces and was eliminated from the body.

b. The mass was converted to energy and was used up.

c. The mass was broken down to amino acids and was eliminated from the body.

d. The mass was released as CO2 and H2O.

Some bears hibernate during winter. They may lose 15% to 30% of their total biomass (measure as weight) during hibernation. Where did the biomass go?

Select one:

a. The mass was converted to urine and feces and was eliminated from the body.

b. The mass was converted to energy and was used up.

c. The mass was broken down to amino acids and was eliminated from the body.

d. The mass was released as CO2 and H2O.

What is the function of enzymes?
Select one:
a. Biological catalysts that speed the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
b. Store the genetic material for the cell
c. Convert light energy to chemical energy
d. All of the above are true.

What is the function of enzymes?
Select one:
a. Biological catalysts that speed the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
b. Store the genetic material for the cell
c. Convert light energy to chemical energy
d. All of the above are true.

Which of the following is defined by the ability to work or supply heat?
Select one:
a. Matter
b. Energy
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

Which of the following is defined by the ability to work or supply heat?
Select one:
a. Matter
b. Energy
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

What lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction, making it more likely to occur?
Select one:
a. Reactants
b. Enzymes
c. Binding sites
d. Endergonic reactions

What lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction, making it more likely to occur?
Select one:
a. Reactants
b. Enzymes
c. Binding sites
d. Endergonic reactions

The emperor penguins of the Antarctic live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from the cold Antarctic seawaters. During their annual breeding cycle, they migrate across the frozen continent to their breeding grounds (50 miles away from their source of food). For over 2 months, the male emperor penguins care for and incubate the eggs, while the females return to the sea to feed. During this time the male penguin can lose up to 50% of its biomass (by dry weight). Where did the biomass go?
Select one:
a. The mass was converted to urine and feces and was eliminated from the body.
b. The mass was released as CO2 and H20.
c. The mass was converted to energy and was used up.
d. The mass was broken down to amino acids and was eliminated from the body.

The emperor penguins of the Antarctic live on a diet of fish and crustaceans obtained from the cold Antarctic seawaters. During their annual breeding cycle, they migrate across the frozen continent to their breeding grounds (50 miles away from their source of food). For over 2 months, the male emperor penguins care for and incubate the eggs, while the females return to the sea to feed. During this time the male penguin can lose up to 50% of its biomass (by dry weight). Where did the biomass go?
Select one:
a. The mass was converted to urine and feces and was eliminated from the body.
b. The mass was released as CO2 and H20.
c. The mass was converted to energy and was used up.
d. The mass was broken down to amino acids and was eliminated from the body.

By the end of the tricarboxlic acid (TCA) cycle, most of the potential energy harvested from glucose is in the form of chemical bonds in which of the following molecules?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. ATP

c. NADH and FADH2

d. NAD+ and FAD

By the end of the tricarboxlic acid (TCA) cycle, most of the potential energy harvested from glucose is in the form of chemical bonds in which of the following molecules?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. ATP

c. NADH and FADH2

d. NAD+ and FAD

Energy exists in which of the following forms?
Select one:
a. Light
b. Chemical
c. Heat
d. All of the above

Energy exists in which of the following forms?
Select one:
a. Light
b. Chemical
c. Heat
d. All of the above

Which of the following best describes the role or purpose of photosynthesis?
Select one:
a. To produce oxygen for animals
b. To remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
c. To produce high-energy carbohydrates from smaller low-energy molecules
d. It is a plant’s form of cellular respiration

Which of the following best describes the role or purpose of photosynthesis?
Select one:
a. To produce oxygen for animals
b. To remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
c. To produce high-energy carbohydrates from smaller low-energy molecules
d. It is a plant’s form of cellular respiration

What process is able to take place in darkness within a chloroplast?

Select one:

a. Creation of ATP

b. Creation of glucose

c. Creation of NADPH

d. Splitting of H2O into O2 and H+ ions

What process is able to take place in darkness within a chloroplast?

Select one:

a. Creation of ATP

b. Creation of glucose

c. Creation of NADPH

d. Splitting of H2O into O2 and H+ ions

Fossil fuels are produced from which of the following?
Select one:
a. Fossils decomposing
b. The remains of plants and animals over long periods of time at high temperatures and pressure
c. Coal, oil, and gas
d. All of the above

Fossil fuels are produced from which of the following?
Select one:
a. Fossils decomposing
b. The remains of plants and animals over long periods of time at high temperatures and pressure
c. Coal, oil, and gas
d. All of the above

Fill in the blank. Hydrologists, scientists who study the movements and cycles of water, refer to the return of water from the ground to the air as evapo-transpiration. The first part of the word refers to evaporation. The second part of the word refers to transpiration, which is evaporation of water _________________.
Select one:
a. From plants
b. Through animal perspiration
c. Off the ground shaded by plants
d. From the surface of rivers

Fill in the blank. Hydrologists, scientists who study the movements and cycles of water, refer to the return of water from the ground to the air as evapo-transpiration. The first part of the word refers to evaporation. The second part of the word refers to transpiration, which is evaporation of water _________________.
Select one:
a. From plants
b. Through animal perspiration
c. Off the ground shaded by plants
d. From the surface of rivers

Which of the following statements concerning energy and plants is true?
Select one:
a. Plants convert solar energy to chemical energy.
b. Energy within plants is stored in the nucleus.
c. Plants create stored energy during the process of mitosis.
d. All of the above

Which of the following statements concerning energy and plants is true?
Select one:
a. Plants convert solar energy to chemical energy.
b. Energy within plants is stored in the nucleus.
c. Plants create stored energy during the process of mitosis.
d. All of the above

Which of the following reactions is correctly matched with its function?
Select one:
a. Light-dependent reaction — produces oxygen
b. Light-dependent reaction — produces ATP and NADPH
c. Light-independent reaction — uses carbon dioxide
d. All of the above

Which of the following reactions is correctly matched with its function?
Select one:
a. Light-dependent reaction — produces oxygen
b. Light-dependent reaction — produces ATP and NADPH
c. Light-independent reaction — uses carbon dioxide
d. All of the above

Fill in the blank. A green leaf reflects ______________of the visible spectrum.
Select one:
a. Green wavelengths
b. All wavelengths except green wavelengths
c. Only red and blue wavelengths
d. Only yellow and orange wavelengths

Fill in the blank. A green leaf reflects ______________of the visible spectrum.
Select one:
a. Green wavelengths
b. All wavelengths except green wavelengths
c. Only red and blue wavelengths
d. Only yellow and orange wavelengths

Why are chloroplasts essential to life?
Select one:
a. Because chloroplasts produce the oxygen and ultimately are the source of most nutrients
b. Because chloroplasts produce all the water on the planet
c. Because, like the ancestors of mitochondria, the ancestors of chloroplasts were once bacteria taken up by a eukaryotic cell
d. None of the above

Why are chloroplasts essential to life?
Select one:
a. Because chloroplasts produce the oxygen and ultimately are the source of most nutrients
b. Because chloroplasts produce all the water on the planet
c. Because, like the ancestors of mitochondria, the ancestors of chloroplasts were once bacteria taken up by a eukaryotic cell
d. None of the above

From where does the O2 produced in photosynthesis originate?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. C6H12O6

d. H2O

From where does the O2 produced in photosynthesis originate?

Select one:

a. CO2

b. O2

c. C6H12O6

d. H2O

How are the structures of DNA and RNA similar?
Select one:
a. They both consist of a sugar, nucleotides, and phosphates.
b. They both are double stranded.
c. They both contain deoxyribose.
d. All of the above

How are the structures of DNA and RNA similar?
Select one:
a. They both consist of a sugar, nucleotides, and phosphates.
b. They both are double stranded.
c. They both contain deoxyribose.
d. All of the above

Maria has a cancerous mass in her pancreas. A problem in what mechanism is leading to this uncontrolled cell growth?
Select one:
a. Meiosis
b. Binary fission
c. Mitosis and the cell cycle
d. None of the above

Maria has a cancerous mass in her pancreas. A problem in what mechanism is leading to this uncontrolled cell growth?
Select one:
a. Meiosis
b. Binary fission
c. Mitosis and the cell cycle
d. None of the above

What is a potential advantage to sexual reproduction?
Select one:
a. Disease
b. Sexual mechanisms, like antlers
c. Mating behavior, such as nuptial gifts
d. Diversity

What is a potential advantage to sexual reproduction?
Select one:
a. Disease
b. Sexual mechanisms, like antlers
c. Mating behavior, such as nuptial gifts
d. Diversity

Which of the following statements about the products of a single cell that has gone through mitosis is true?
Select one:
a. They are genetically diverse.
b. The result is two separate cells.
c. The result is four separate cells.
d. They are haploid.

Which of the following statements about the products of a single cell that has gone through mitosis is true?
Select one:
a. They are genetically diverse.
b. The result is two separate cells.
c. The result is four separate cells.
d. They are haploid.

How are the products of meiosis different from the products of mitosis?
Select one:
a. Mitotic products are gametes.
b. Mitotic products are always haploid.
c. The products of a meiotic division are genetically identical to each other.
d. Meiotic products are gametes.

How are the products of meiosis different from the products of mitosis?
Select one:
a. Mitotic products are gametes.
b. Mitotic products are always haploid.
c. The products of a meiotic division are genetically identical to each other.
d. Meiotic products are gametes.

Which of the following statements about the products of a single cell that has gone through meiosis is false?
Select one:
a. They are genetically diverse.
b. The result is eight separate cells.
c. The result is four separate cells.
d. They are haploid.

Which of the following statements about the products of a single cell that has gone through meiosis is false?
Select one:
a. They are genetically diverse.
b. The result is eight separate cells.
c. The result is four separate cells.
d. They are haploid.

Which of the following statements about both sperm and egg (gamete) production is true?
Select one:
a. Initiation of meiosis is continuous after puberty.
b. All cells that result from meiosis will have ½ the original chromosome number.
c. All resulting gametes are the same size.
d. Millions of mature gametes are produced daily.

Which of the following statements about both sperm and egg (gamete) production is true?
Select one:
a. Initiation of meiosis is continuous after puberty.
b. All cells that result from meiosis will have ½ the original chromosome number.
c. All resulting gametes are the same size.
d. Millions of mature gametes are produced daily.

Hemoglobin is a large protein molecule that consists of four subunits (2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains). Hemoglobin is synthesized within red blood cells and functions to reversibly bind oxygen molecules. The alpha and beta chains are products of two separate genes found on different chromosomes. Individuals that have sickle cell anemia have two copies of a "mutated" form of the gene that encodes for the beta subunit. This form differs from the original in only 1 nucleotide. The protein encoded by the normal gene is designated HbA, while the protein found in individuals with sickle cell anemia is HbS.
Below is a portion of the nucleotide sequence found in the template DNA for the beta subunit of HbA. The start codon is not shown. Assume the reading frame begins at the left.
3' - C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C - 5'
In HbS, adenine is substituted for the thymine underlined in the sequence above. How does the mRNA in HbS differ from the mRNA in HbA?
Select one:
a. There would be no mRNA produced in HbS.
b. A stop codon would occur at the location including the underlined position.
c. At the underlined position, a U is present in the mRNA of the HbS.
d. At the underlined position, a T is present in the mRNA of HbS.

Hemoglobin is a large protein molecule that consists of four subunits (2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains). Hemoglobin is synthesized within red blood cells and functions to reversibly bind oxygen molecules. The alpha and beta chains are products of two separate genes found on different chromosomes. Individuals that have sickle cell anemia have two copies of a "mutated" form of the gene that encodes for the beta subunit. This form differs from the original in only 1 nucleotide. The protein encoded by the normal gene is designated HbA, while the protein found in individuals with sickle cell anemia is HbS.
Below is a portion of the nucleotide sequence found in the template DNA for the beta subunit of HbA. The start codon is not shown. Assume the reading frame begins at the left.
3' - C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C - 5'
In HbS, adenine is substituted for the thymine underlined in the sequence above. How does the mRNA in HbS differ from the mRNA in HbA?
Select one:
a. There would be no mRNA produced in HbS.
b. A stop codon would occur at the location including the underlined position.
c. At the underlined position, a U is present in the mRNA of the HbS.
d. At the underlined position, a T is present in the mRNA of HbS.

Fill in the blank. A man who carries an x-linked (sex linked) allele will pass it on to ________________.
Select one:
a. Half of his daughters
b. All of his daughters
c. All of his children
d. Half of his sons

Fill in the blank. A man who carries an x-linked (sex linked) allele will pass it on to ________________.
Select one:
a. Half of his daughters
b. All of his daughters
c. All of his children
d. Half of his sons

In previous unrelated crosses, two green corn plants produced a few albino corn plants. These green plants are then crossed with one another. What proportion of their offspring would you expect to be carriers for albinism?
Select one:
a. ¾ (75%)
b. ¼ (25%)
c. ½ (50%)
d. 1 (100%)

In previous unrelated crosses, two green corn plants produced a few albino corn plants. These green plants are then crossed with one another. What proportion of their offspring would you expect to be carriers for albinism?
Select one:
a. ¾ (75%)
b. ¼ (25%)
c. ½ (50%)
d. 1 (100%)

Two parents with brown eyes (dominant) may have a child with blue eyes (recessive). How is this possible?
Select one:
a. There are multiple genes that control eye color, and the parents could have been heterozygous for eye color.
b. This simply can’t happen
c. Despite what has been taught in biology classes for years, brown must be recessive
d. None of the answers above are correct

Two parents with brown eyes (dominant) may have a child with blue eyes (recessive). How is this possible?
Select one:
a. There are multiple genes that control eye color, and the parents could have been heterozygous for eye color.
b. This simply can’t happen
c. Despite what has been taught in biology classes for years, brown must be recessive
d. None of the answers above are correct

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in a single gene and is inherited as an autosomal (non-sex chromosome) recessive trait. A couple without cystic fibrosis has two children. The first child has cystic fibrosis, and the second child is unaffected. What is the probability that the second child is a carrier (heterozygous) for the mutation that causes the disease?
Select one:
a. ¾ (75%)
b. ¼ (25%)
c. ½ (50%)
d. (67%)

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in a single gene and is inherited as an autosomal (non-sex chromosome) recessive trait. A couple without cystic fibrosis has two children. The first child has cystic fibrosis, and the second child is unaffected. What is the probability that the second child is a carrier (heterozygous) for the mutation that causes the disease?
Select one:
a. ¾ (75%)
b. ¼ (25%)
c. ½ (50%)
d. (67%)

How can natural selection maintain traits, such as sickle cell, that are seen as detrimental?
Select one:
a. In the case of sickle cell anemia, homozygous recessive individuals are more fit than heterozygotes.
b. In the case of sickle cell anemia, homozygous dominant individuals are more fit than heterozygotes.
c. In the case of sickle cell anemia, heterozygote individuals are more fit than either of the homozygotes.
d. None of the above

How can natural selection maintain traits, such as sickle cell, that are seen as detrimental?
Select one:
a. In the case of sickle cell anemia, homozygous recessive individuals are more fit than heterozygotes.
b. In the case of sickle cell anemia, homozygous dominant individuals are more fit than heterozygotes.
c. In the case of sickle cell anemia, heterozygote individuals are more fit than either of the homozygotes.
d. None of the above

Alice is a TALL woman with BLACK hair. She has BROWN eyes. What is the term for these observable traits in Alice?
Select one:
a. Element
b. Phenotype
c. Allele
d. Genotype

Alice is a TALL woman with BLACK hair. She has BROWN eyes. What is the term for these observable traits in Alice?
Select one:
a. Element
b. Phenotype
c. Allele
d. Genotype

What is the direct result of transcription?
Select one:
a. A duplicate DNA molecule
b. A polymerase
c. A protein
d. mRNA

What is the direct result of transcription?
Select one:
a. A duplicate DNA molecule
b. A polymerase
c. A protein
d. mRNA

What vital class of molecules are needed in DNA replication and transcription for: unzipping the DNA to expose the templates, adding the correct complementary nucleotide to the growing daughter strand, sealing fragments of DNA together, and producing the mRNA copy?
Select one:
a. Enzymes
b. Lipids
c. Steroids
d. Amino acids

What vital class of molecules are needed in DNA replication and transcription for: unzipping the DNA to expose the templates, adding the correct complementary nucleotide to the growing daughter strand, sealing fragments of DNA together, and producing the mRNA copy?
Select one:
a. Enzymes
b. Lipids
c. Steroids
d. Amino acids

Given the following nucleotide sequence on the template strand of DNA, what is the resulting RNA nucleotide sequence following transcription? 3'-TACGGGCACTTAACT-5'
Select one:
a. 5'-AUGCCCGUGAAUUGA-3'
b. 5'-TACGGGCACTTAACT-3'
c. 5'-TACTAAGTGCCCGAT-3'
d. 3'-AUGCCCGUGAAUUGA-5'

Given the following nucleotide sequence on the template strand of DNA, what is the resulting RNA nucleotide sequence following transcription? 3'-TACGGGCACTTAACT-5'
Select one:
a. 5'-AUGCCCGUGAAUUGA-3'
b. 5'-TACGGGCACTTAACT-3'
c. 5'-TACTAAGTGCCCGAT-3'
d. 3'-AUGCCCGUGAAUUGA-5'

In the process of translation, the amino acids are arranged to form specific proteins, because they are attached to which of the following?
Select one:
a. rRNA
b. tRNA
c. mRNA
d. DNA

In the process of translation, the amino acids are arranged to form specific proteins, because they are attached to which of the following?
Select one:
a. rRNA
b. tRNA
c. mRNA
d. DNA

A Venus fly trap has tiny hairs within its “mouth” that can sense movement. If a fly lands on the plant, the plant snaps shut, catching the fly. This best fits an example of which definition of life?
Select one:
a. Display order
b. Reproduce
c. Maintain homeostasis
d. Respond to the environment

A Venus fly trap has tiny hairs within its “mouth” that can sense movement. If a fly lands on the plant, the plant snaps shut, catching the fly. This best fits an example of which definition of life?
Select one:
a. Display order
b. Reproduce
c. Maintain homeostasis
d. Respond to the environment

Ionic bonding involves which of the following?
Select one:
a. The sharing of electrons between two or more atoms
b. Weak bonding between adjacent water molecules
c. The attraction of oppositely charged atoms
d. Both B and C

Ionic bonding involves which of the following?
Select one:
a. The sharing of electrons between two or more atoms
b. Weak bonding between adjacent water molecules
c. The attraction of oppositely charged atoms
d. Both B and C

Which monomer is matched with the appropriate polymer?
Select one:
a. Monosaccharide — nucleic acid
b. Nucleotide — polysaccharide
c. Amino acid — polypeptide
d. None of the above

Which monomer is matched with the appropriate polymer?
Select one:
a. Monosaccharide — nucleic acid
b. Nucleotide — polysaccharide
c. Amino acid — polypeptide
d. None of the above

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells?
Select one:
a. Cell --> Cytoplasm --> Cell
b. Protein --> DNA --> RNA
c. DNA --> mRNA --> Protein
d. Amino Acid --> tRNA --> anticodon

Which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells?
Select one:
a. Cell --> Cytoplasm --> Cell
b. Protein --> DNA --> RNA
c. DNA --> mRNA --> Protein
d. Amino Acid --> tRNA --> anticodon

If you were to treat a cell with an enzyme that breaks down proteins, which of the following would be most likely to enter the cell rapidly?

Select one:

a. Large, uncharged polar molecules, such as caffeine (C8H10N402)

b. Small, hydrophobic molecules such as oxygen (02) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

c. Small ions such as hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen ions (0-)

d. Large proteins

If you were to treat a cell with an enzyme that breaks down proteins, which of the following would be most likely to enter the cell rapidly?

Select one:

a. Large, uncharged polar molecules, such as caffeine (C8H10N402)

b. Small, hydrophobic molecules such as oxygen (02) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

c. Small ions such as hydrogen ions (H+) and oxygen ions (0-)

d. Large proteins

A tree falls in the forest. Several years later, the fallen tree is covered in several kilograms of mushrooms. Mushrooms are decomposers, using the things that they grow on as food. Assuming that the moisture content of the tree is the same as it was when it originally fell, which of the following is a reasonable prediction of the weight of the tree and the mushrooms, compared to the weight of the tree at the beginning?
Select one:
a. The mass remains the same, because some of the tree mass was converted to energy for mushroom growth.
b. The mass remains the same as the mushrooms convert tree mass into mushroom biomass.
c. The mass decreases, because some of it was converted to energy for mushroom growth.
d. The mass decreases as the mushrooms convert tree mass into mushroom biomass, CO2, and H20.

A tree falls in the forest. Several years later, the fallen tree is covered in several kilograms of mushrooms. Mushrooms are decomposers, using the things that they grow on as food. Assuming that the moisture content of the tree is the same as it was when it originally fell, which of the following is a reasonable prediction of the weight of the tree and the mushrooms, compared to the weight of the tree at the beginning?
Select one:
a. The mass remains the same, because some of the tree mass was converted to energy for mushroom growth.
b. The mass remains the same as the mushrooms convert tree mass into mushroom biomass.
c. The mass decreases, because some of it was converted to energy for mushroom growth.
d. The mass decreases as the mushrooms convert tree mass into mushroom biomass, CO2, and H20.

Which of the following is the source of immediate, or “ready cash,” energy in the body?
Select one:
a. Sugar
b. Starch
c. ATP molecules
d. Enzymes

Which of the following is the source of immediate, or “ready cash,” energy in the body?
Select one:
a. Sugar
b. Starch
c. ATP molecules
d. Enzymes

People often exercise to lose weight. Where does the energy for this exercise come from?

Select one:

a. The mass in fat is converted into muscle.

b. The energy stored in the bonds of fat is ultimately transformed into kinetic energy.

c. The mass is converted to energy.

d. The energy comes from CO2 and H2O.

People often exercise to lose weight. Where does the energy for this exercise come from?

Select one:

a. The mass in fat is converted into muscle.

b. The energy stored in the bonds of fat is ultimately transformed into kinetic energy.

c. The mass is converted to energy.

d. The energy comes from CO2 and H2O.

Where is energy stored in fossil fuels and in living plants?

Select one:

a. Hydrogen

b. Oxygen

c. H20

d. Carbon

Where is energy stored in fossil fuels and in living plants?

Select one:

a. Hydrogen

b. Oxygen

c. H20

d. Carbon

How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions interdependent?
Select one:
a. The NADP and ADP created during the light-independent reaction supplies the light-dependent reaction.
b. The products that are created during the light-dependent reaction are crucial reactants needed in the light-independent reaction.
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above; they are completely independent reactions.

How are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions interdependent?
Select one:
a. The NADP and ADP created during the light-independent reaction supplies the light-dependent reaction.
b. The products that are created during the light-dependent reaction are crucial reactants needed in the light-independent reaction.
c. Both A and B
d. None of the above; they are completely independent reactions.

Which phase of mitosis is associated with separation of chromatids?
Select one:
a. Metaphase
b. Prophase
c. Anaphase
d. Interphase

Which phase of mitosis is associated with separation of chromatids?
Select one:
a. Metaphase
b. Prophase
c. Anaphase
d. Interphase

Genetically, how do sperm/egg cells differ from the other cells in your body?
Select one:
a. Many of the genes in sperm and egg cells have mutated, which is what creates offspring that look different.
b. Genetically, sperm and egg cells are no different than any other type of cell.
c. Sperm and egg cells have half as many chromosomes.
d. Sperm and egg cells have twice as many chromosomes.

Genetically, how do sperm/egg cells differ from the other cells in your body?
Select one:
a. Many of the genes in sperm and egg cells have mutated, which is what creates offspring that look different.
b. Genetically, sperm and egg cells are no different than any other type of cell.
c. Sperm and egg cells have half as many chromosomes.
d. Sperm and egg cells have twice as many chromosomes.

Which of the following statements about the nucleus within a sperm is true?
Select one:
a. It is used for energy production.
b. It reserves energy and nutrients for the zygote.
c. It provides structure for the physical propulsion of the sperm.
d. It contains a haploid set of chromosomes.

Which of the following statements about the nucleus within a sperm is true?
Select one:
a. It is used for energy production.
b. It reserves energy and nutrients for the zygote.
c. It provides structure for the physical propulsion of the sperm.
d. It contains a haploid set of chromosomes.

Bobby, a researcher for the United States Geological Survey (USGS), is hired to survey endangered native Michigan wild flowers. Bobby begins by researching the natural history of the plants and discovers a wide variety of differences in height, color, and leaf patterns. What accounts for these differences between species?
Select one:
a. The number of chromosomes
b. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA
c. The DNA strand that is transcribed
d. All of the above

Bobby, a researcher for the United States Geological Survey (USGS), is hired to survey endangered native Michigan wild flowers. Bobby begins by researching the natural history of the plants and discovers a wide variety of differences in height, color, and leaf patterns. What accounts for these differences between species?
Select one:
a. The number of chromosomes
b. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA
c. The DNA strand that is transcribed
d. All of the above

In a monohybrid cross with parents of AA and aa genotypes, F1 offspring would show which of the following genotypes?

Select one:

a. AA and Aa

b. Aa only

c. AA, Aa, and aa

d. AA only

In a monohybrid cross with parents of AA and aa genotypes, F1 offspring would show which of the following genotypes?

Select one:

a. AA and Aa

b. Aa only

c. AA, Aa, and aa

d. AA only

If a deletion mutation occurred omitting the 2nd cytosine in the following nucleotide sequence, what would happen? 3'-TACGGG*C*ACTTAACT-5'
Select one:
a. A stop codon would result in a polypeptide with only 2 amino acids.
b. RNA polymerase would not be able to transcribe the DNA.
c. There would be no polypeptide made.
d. The polypeptide would be 4 amino acids long, rather than 5 amino acids long.

If a deletion mutation occurred omitting the 2nd cytosine in the following nucleotide sequence, what would happen? 3'-TACGGG*C*ACTTAACT-5'
Select one:
a. A stop codon would result in a polypeptide with only 2 amino acids.
b. RNA polymerase would not be able to transcribe the DNA.
c. There would be no polypeptide made.
d. The polypeptide would be 4 amino acids long, rather than 5 amino acids long.

How many different types of nucleotide bases are used to encode all the genetic information in a molecule of DNA?
Select one:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 20

How many different types of nucleotide bases are used to encode all the genetic information in a molecule of DNA?
Select one:
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 20

Which of the following is NOT an example of an action, activity, or ability that scientists use to define life?
Select one:
a. Display levels of order
b. Assimilate and use energy
c. Display color
d. Maintain homeostasis

Which of the following is NOT an example of an action, activity, or ability that scientists use to define life?
Select one:
a. Display levels of order
b. Assimilate and use energy
c. Display color
d. Maintain homeostasis

Which of the following presents the correct order of complexity for parts of an organism, moving from least complex on the left to most complex on the right?
Select one:
a. Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ
b. Organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule atom
c. Atom, molecule, organ, cell, tissue, organelle
d. Molecule, atom, cell, organelle, tissue, organ

Which of the following presents the correct order of complexity for parts of an organism, moving from least complex on the left to most complex on the right?
Select one:
a. Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ
b. Organ, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule atom
c. Atom, molecule, organ, cell, tissue, organelle
d. Molecule, atom, cell, organelle, tissue, organ

What type of bond is holding together the crystalline structure sucrose (table sugar)?
Select one:
a. Hydrogen
b. Covalent
c. Ionic
d. Bail

What type of bond is holding together the crystalline structure sucrose (table sugar)?
Select one:
a. Hydrogen
b. Covalent
c. Ionic
d. Bail

Which of the following has the least amount of mass?
Select one:
a. A neutron
b. A proton
c. An electron
d. An atom

Which of the following has the least amount of mass?
Select one:
a. A neutron
b. A proton
c. An electron
d. An atom

Which characteristic of water makes it important in biological systems?
Select one:
a. It is a good solvent.
b. It is highly polar.
c. It has high surface tension.
d. All of the above

Which characteristic of water makes it important in biological systems?
Select one:
a. It is a good solvent.
b. It is highly polar.
c. It has high surface tension.
d. All of the above

What is the primary function of a carbohydrate?
Select one:
a. To provide long-term energy storage
b. To provide short-term energy storage
c. To provide structure
d. To store information

What is the primary function of a carbohydrate?
Select one:
a. To provide long-term energy storage
b. To provide short-term energy storage
c. To provide structure
d. To store information

Which level of protein structure is matched with the appropriate description?
Select one:
a. Primary structure — sequence of amino acids
b. Secondary structure — sections of distinct shape in a polypeptide (e.g. alpha helices and beta pleated sheets) due to hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amino groups
c. Tertiary structure — three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions involving R-groups
d. All of the above

Which level of protein structure is matched with the appropriate description?
Select one:
a. Primary structure — sequence of amino acids
b. Secondary structure — sections of distinct shape in a polypeptide (e.g. alpha helices and beta pleated sheets) due to hydrogen bonding between carboxyl and amino groups
c. Tertiary structure — three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions involving R-groups
d. All of the above

Fill in the blank. Cells can increase the number or size of some organelles in response to new demands. The amount of one organelle often is increased in the bodies of athletes. Based on what you know of organelle function, this organelle is the ________________.
Select one:
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondria
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Ribosome

Fill in the blank. Cells can increase the number or size of some organelles in response to new demands. The amount of one organelle often is increased in the bodies of athletes. Based on what you know of organelle function, this organelle is the ________________.
Select one:
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondria
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Ribosome

Which organelle is matched correctly with its primary function?
Select one:
a. Mitochondria — prevents cell from bursting due to osmotic stress
b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum — processes, packages, and labels proteins for transport within or out of the cell
c. Chloroplast — photosynthesis and carbohydrate synthesis
d. None of the above

Which organelle is matched correctly with its primary function?
Select one:
a. Mitochondria — prevents cell from bursting due to osmotic stress
b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum — processes, packages, and labels proteins for transport within or out of the cell
c. Chloroplast — photosynthesis and carbohydrate synthesis
d. None of the above

Fill in the blank. The _____________ contains biological molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Select one:
a. Lipid bilayer
b. Lipid unilayer
c. Carbohydrate bilayer
d. Carbohydrate unilayer

Fill in the blank. The _____________ contains biological molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Select one:
a. Lipid bilayer
b. Lipid unilayer
c. Carbohydrate bilayer
d. Carbohydrate unilayer

If you place sugar into a cup of hot tea, eventually the sugar will do which of the following?
Select one:
a. It will slowly disperse throughout the tea because of diffusion.
b. It will fall to the bottom of the glass and sit there due to the hydrogen bonding of water.
c. It will float on the top of the cup due to the surface tension of water.
d. It will instantly disperse throughout the tea because of osmosis.

If you place sugar into a cup of hot tea, eventually the sugar will do which of the following?
Select one:
a. It will slowly disperse throughout the tea because of diffusion.
b. It will fall to the bottom of the glass and sit there due to the hydrogen bonding of water.
c. It will float on the top of the cup due to the surface tension of water.
d. It will instantly disperse throughout the tea because of osmosis.

What is the function of cellular respiration?
Select one:
a. To convert light energy into chemical energy
b. To extract energy from biological macromolecules
c. To convert matter into energy
d. All of the above

What is the function of cellular respiration?
Select one:
a. To convert light energy into chemical energy
b. To extract energy from biological macromolecules
c. To convert matter into energy
d. All of the above

Which of the following has mass and takes up space?
Select one:
a. Matter
b. Energy
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

Which of the following has mass and takes up space?
Select one:
a. Matter
b. Energy
c. All of the above
d. None of the above

Which of the following biological organisms is able to convert matter into energy?
Select one:
a. Bacteria
b. Plants
c. Animals
d. None of the above

Which of the following biological organisms is able to convert matter into energy?
Select one:
a. Bacteria
b. Plants
c. Animals
d. None of the above

In a biology laboratory, several plants are placed under grow lights for an experiment. In order to keep conditions tightly controlled, these lamps provide the only light that these plants receive. A gravity-fed drip system keeps the plants watered at a constant rate. Over spring break, the power goes out for several days. Discounting the weight of the water, will the plants weigh more or less than before the power outage?
Select one:
a. It will weigh the same, because no new biomass is being produced.
b. It will weigh less, because it is using molecules in the plant for cellular respiration.
c. It will weigh more, because it still has access to water and soil nutrients.
d. It will weigh less, because no photosynthesis is occurring.

In a biology laboratory, several plants are placed under grow lights for an experiment. In order to keep conditions tightly controlled, these lamps provide the only light that these plants receive. A gravity-fed drip system keeps the plants watered at a constant rate. Over spring break, the power goes out for several days. Discounting the weight of the water, will the plants weigh more or less than before the power outage?
Select one:
a. It will weigh the same, because no new biomass is being produced.
b. It will weigh less, because it is using molecules in the plant for cellular respiration.
c. It will weigh more, because it still has access to water and soil nutrients.
d. It will weigh less, because no photosynthesis is occurring.

Which of the following processes takes place inside the mitochondria in eukaryotes?
Select one:
a. The electron transport system
b. The preparatory reaction (pyruvate oxidation)
c. The tricarboxlic acid (TCA) cycle
d. All of the above

Which of the following processes takes place inside the mitochondria in eukaryotes?
Select one:
a. The electron transport system
b. The preparatory reaction (pyruvate oxidation)
c. The tricarboxlic acid (TCA) cycle
d. All of the above

How does the “carbon cycle” relate to the conservation of matter?
Select one:
a. Carbon is not destroyed but sequestered through photosynthesis.
b. Carbon is not created but released from organisms during respiration.
c. Carbon is not created but released from burning organic substances (e.g. trees) and fossil fuels.
d. All of the above

How does the “carbon cycle” relate to the conservation of matter?
Select one:
a. Carbon is not destroyed but sequestered through photosynthesis.
b. Carbon is not created but released from organisms during respiration.
c. Carbon is not created but released from burning organic substances (e.g. trees) and fossil fuels.
d. All of the above

Atrazine is an herbicide used to kill weeds. The proximate mode of toxicity is due to its ability to inhibit a protein in the electron transport system of plants but not animals. This suggests which of the following?
Select one:
a. That atrazine directly affects cellular respiration
b. That atrazine directly affects the Calvin cycle
c. That atrazine directly affects the ability of chlorophyll to function
d. That atrazine directly affects the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis

Atrazine is an herbicide used to kill weeds. The proximate mode of toxicity is due to its ability to inhibit a protein in the electron transport system of plants but not animals. This suggests which of the following?
Select one:
a. That atrazine directly affects cellular respiration
b. That atrazine directly affects the Calvin cycle
c. That atrazine directly affects the ability of chlorophyll to function
d. That atrazine directly affects the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis

How does carbon dioxide contribute to climate change?
Select one:
a. The extra CO2 produced from burning fossil fuels affects wind patterns, which lead to increased hurricane activity.
b. The extra CO2 produced from burning fossil fuels combine with other atmospheric molecules, and the resulting chemical reaction produces heat.
c. The extra CO2 produced from burning fossil fuels contributes to the greenhouse effect, resulting in warmer global temperatures.
d. None of the above

How does carbon dioxide contribute to climate change?
Select one:
a. The extra CO2 produced from burning fossil fuels affects wind patterns, which lead to increased hurricane activity.
b. The extra CO2 produced from burning fossil fuels combine with other atmospheric molecules, and the resulting chemical reaction produces heat.
c. The extra CO2 produced from burning fossil fuels contributes to the greenhouse effect, resulting in warmer global temperatures.
d. None of the above

A mature maple tree can have a mass of 1 ton or more (dry mass, after removing the water), yet it starts from a seed that weighs less than 1 gram. Which of the following processes contributes the most to this huge increase in biomass?
Select one:
a. Absorption of mineral substances from the soil via the roots
b. Absorption of organic substances from the soil via the roots
c. Absorption of CO2 gas from the atmosphere into molecules by green leaves
d. Absorption of H2O from the soil into molecules by green leaves

A mature maple tree can have a mass of 1 ton or more (dry mass, after removing the water), yet it starts from a seed that weighs less than 1 gram. Which of the following processes contributes the most to this huge increase in biomass?
Select one:
a. Absorption of mineral substances from the soil via the roots
b. Absorption of organic substances from the soil via the roots
c. Absorption of CO2 gas from the atmosphere into molecules by green leaves
d. Absorption of H2O from the soil into molecules by green leaves

What is the starting point of photosynthesis?
Select one:
a. Chlorophyll a
b. Chlorophyll b
c. Stroma
d. Photosystem

What is the starting point of photosynthesis?
Select one:
a. Chlorophyll a
b. Chlorophyll b
c. Stroma
d. Photosystem

How do the structures of DNA and RNA differ?
Select one:
a. DNA has the base thymine, while RNA has the base uracil.
b. DNA is composed of deoxyribose, while RNA is composed of ribose.
c. DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded.
d. All of the above

How do the structures of DNA and RNA differ?
Select one:
a. DNA has the base thymine, while RNA has the base uracil.
b. DNA is composed of deoxyribose, while RNA is composed of ribose.
c. DNA is double stranded, while RNA is single stranded.
d. All of the above

What units are bonded together to make a strand of DNA?
Select one:
a. Proteins
b. Nucleotides
c. Cells
d. Enzymes

What units are bonded together to make a strand of DNA?
Select one:
a. Proteins
b. Nucleotides
c. Cells
d. Enzymes

The cell cycle is controlled by which of the following?
Select one:
a. Checkpoints
b. An internal clock
c. The completion of one phase triggering the next phase
d. Cell size

The cell cycle is controlled by which of the following?
Select one:
a. Checkpoints
b. An internal clock
c. The completion of one phase triggering the next phase
d. Cell size

Jan, a researcher at the University of Michigan, extracts a liver cell from a rat. She stains the cell and counts that it has 42 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be in a sperm cell from this same organism?
Select one:
a. 42
b. 21
c. 84
d. 10

Jan, a researcher at the University of Michigan, extracts a liver cell from a rat. She stains the cell and counts that it has 42 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be in a sperm cell from this same organism?
Select one:
a. 42
b. 21
c. 84
d. 10

Fill in the blank. Chromosomes exist in somatic cells as nearly identical copies of each other called _________________.
Select one:
a. Karyotypes
b. Sister chromatics
c. Homologous chromosomes
d. Centromeres

Fill in the blank. Chromosomes exist in somatic cells as nearly identical copies of each other called _________________.
Select one:
a. Karyotypes
b. Sister chromatics
c. Homologous chromosomes
d. Centromeres

Which of the following represents an individual that is homozygous for the dominant trait?
Select one:
a. bb
b. Bb
c. BB
d. aa

Which of the following represents an individual that is homozygous for the dominant trait?
Select one:
a. bb
b. Bb
c. BB
d. aa

DNA found in almost all cells of your body is exactly the same, even though the cells that make up your brain, muscles, and bones are quite different. What accounts for these differences in cells?
Select one:
a. Different genes are active in different cells, allowing the cells to perform different functions.
b. Actually, the DNA in different cells within the brain, muscles, and bones are quite different.
c. When the cells undergo mitosis, mutations lead to the different functions seen in the different cell types.
d. None of the above

DNA found in almost all cells of your body is exactly the same, even though the cells that make up your brain, muscles, and bones are quite different. What accounts for these differences in cells?
Select one:
a. Different genes are active in different cells, allowing the cells to perform different functions.
b. Actually, the DNA in different cells within the brain, muscles, and bones are quite different.
c. When the cells undergo mitosis, mutations lead to the different functions seen in the different cell types.
d. None of the above

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant trait. If two people that do not have Huntington's disease have a child, what is the probability that child will have Huntington's?
Select one:
a. ¼
b. 0
c. ¾
d. ½

Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant trait. If two people that do not have Huntington's disease have a child, what is the probability that child will have Huntington's?
Select one:
a. ¼
b. 0
c. ¾
d. ½

Hemoglobin is a large protein molecule that consists of four subunits (2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains). Hemoglobin is synthesized within red blood cells and functions to reversibly bind oxygen molecules. The alpha and beta chains are products of two separate genes found on different chromosomes. Individuals that have sickle cell anemia have two copies of a "mutated" form of the gene that encodes for the beta subunit. This form differs from the original in only 1 nucleotide. The protein encoded by the normal gene is designated HbA, while the protein found in individuals with sickle cell anemia is HbS.
Below is a portion of the nucleotide sequence found in the template DNA for the beta subunit of HbA. The start codon is not shown. Assume the reading frame begins at the left.
3' - C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C - 5'
In HbS, adenine is substituted for the thymine underlined in the sequence above. How does the amino acid sequence in HbS differ from the amino acid sequence in HbA?
Select one:
a. At the location of the mutation, a stop codon was present, so HbS has no amino acid at that location and after.
b. At the location of the mutation, the Leu in HbA is substituted for His in HbS.
c. At the location of the mutation, the Glu in HbA is substituted for Val in HbS.
d. It cannot be determined with the information provided.

Hemoglobin is a large protein molecule that consists of four subunits (2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains). Hemoglobin is synthesized within red blood cells and functions to reversibly bind oxygen molecules. The alpha and beta chains are products of two separate genes found on different chromosomes. Individuals that have sickle cell anemia have two copies of a "mutated" form of the gene that encodes for the beta subunit. This form differs from the original in only 1 nucleotide. The protein encoded by the normal gene is designated HbA, while the protein found in individuals with sickle cell anemia is HbS.
Below is a portion of the nucleotide sequence found in the template DNA for the beta subunit of HbA. The start codon is not shown. Assume the reading frame begins at the left.
3' - C A C G T G G A C T G A G G A C T C C T C - 5'
In HbS, adenine is substituted for the thymine underlined in the sequence above. How does the amino acid sequence in HbS differ from the amino acid sequence in HbA?
Select one:
a. At the location of the mutation, a stop codon was present, so HbS has no amino acid at that location and after.
b. At the location of the mutation, the Leu in HbA is substituted for His in HbS.
c. At the location of the mutation, the Glu in HbA is substituted for Val in HbS.
d. It cannot be determined with the information provided.

How are DNA, genes, and proteins related?
Select one:
a. The genes contain information that is transcribed to create DNA and proteins.
b. The DNA strand contains the genes that are the code for protein production.
c. The proteins contain genetic information used to create genes and DNA.
d. They have no relationship.

How are DNA, genes, and proteins related?
Select one:
a. The genes contain information that is transcribed to create DNA and proteins.
b. The DNA strand contains the genes that are the code for protein production.
c. The proteins contain genetic information used to create genes and DNA.
d. They have no relationship.

What is the correct order of the protein pathway?
Select one:
a. Protein → ribosome + mRNA → tRNA → DNA
b. mRNA → DNA → tRNA + ribosome → protein
c. DNA → mRNA → ribosome + tRNA → protein
d. DNA → DNA → mRNA → tRNA → ribosome → protein

What is the correct order of the protein pathway?
Select one:
a. Protein → ribosome + mRNA → tRNA → DNA
b. mRNA → DNA → tRNA + ribosome → protein
c. DNA → mRNA → ribosome + tRNA → protein
d. DNA → DNA → mRNA → tRNA → ribosome → protein

Fill in the blank. You find a cell that photosynthesizes, has a cell wall, and lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. This is likely a(n) ______________ cell.
Select one:
a. Animal
b. Prokaryotic
c. Plant
d. Eukaryotic

Fill in the blank. You find a cell that photosynthesizes, has a cell wall, and lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. This is likely a(n) ______________ cell.
Select one:
a. Animal
b. Prokaryotic
c. Plant
d. Eukaryotic

An artificial cell is composed of a semipermeable membrane. Monosaccharides, such as glucose, can pass through the membrane but disaccharides cannot. The cell is filled with 400 g sucrose / L water and 100 g glucose/L water. The solution surrounding the cells is 100 g sucrose / L water and 200 g glucose / L water. After several houses, the mass of the artificial cell will do which of the following?
Select one:
a. Remain the same
b. Increase
c. Decrease
d. None of the above

An artificial cell is composed of a semipermeable membrane. Monosaccharides, such as glucose, can pass through the membrane but disaccharides cannot. The cell is filled with 400 g sucrose / L water and 100 g glucose/L water. The solution surrounding the cells is 100 g sucrose / L water and 200 g glucose / L water. After several houses, the mass of the artificial cell will do which of the following?
Select one:
a. Remain the same
b. Increase
c. Decrease
d. None of the above