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| molecule used for energy, storage, structure, and signaling within cells, CH20 |
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| monomeric unit used to build larger carbohydrates, commonly known as sugars |
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| 2 monosaccharides put together, sucrose is a disaccharide |
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| Variable length polymers of monosaccharides. Used for energy storage or structural stability |
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| polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals |
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| polysaccharide used for energy storage in plants |
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| polysaccharide used for structural stability in plants |
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| polysaccharide used for structural stability in some fungi and insects |
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| polysaccharide used for structural stability in some fungi and insects |
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| most important macromolecule, involved in almost every cellular process, have an amino acid sequence that is encoded in the genome of the organism |
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| protien, long chain of amino acids |
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| monomeric building blocks of polypeptides, there are 20 standard amino acids, all have a unique "r" group |
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| groups of linked amino acids |
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| primary structure of a protien |
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| secondary structure of a protien |
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| local regions of regular shape, for example α-helix and β-pleated sheet |
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| Tertiary structure of a protien |
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| folded, globular shape of a single polypeptide |
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| quaternary structure of a protien |
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| multiple, folded proteins interacting to form a multi-subunit complex |
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| water-insoluble macromolecules, “barrier molecules” that form the plasma membrane, as well as eukaryotic internal membranes. |
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| genetic information molecules in a cell |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid, composed of nucleotides (sugar-phosphate backbone) and bases (A, C, T & G), forms an antiparallel double helix |
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| composed of ribonucleotides and base pairs (adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil), single-stranded and folds into funny shapes |
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| Four main classes of macromolecules |
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| carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids |
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| proteins that catalyze biological reactions, helping them to occur many, many times faster than they otherwise would. |
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| simple cell without a nucleus |
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| more complex cell with a nucleus |
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| the lipid envelope that encloses the cytoplasm |
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| the environment inside the cell membrane (not including the nucleus in eukaryotic cells) |
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| a "slime" layer made of proteins and sugars that surrounds the cell wall in some bacteria |
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| the rigid matrix that surrounds the cell membrane |
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| cellular machinery used for translation (making proteins) |
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| region of the cytoplasm where the genome is housed (prokaryotic) - not a true nucleus |
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| whip-like structure used for locomotion |
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| hair-like projections found on the surface of many bacteria |
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| region of the cell enclosed within a double membrane that contains the genome (eukaryotic) |
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| a region within the nucleus where ribosome biogenesis occurs (eukaryotic) |
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| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| a network of membrane folds studded with ribosomes where protein synthesis (and some protein modifications) occurs (eukaryotic) |
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| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| a network of membrane folds (with no ribosomes) where lipid and steroid synthesis occurs (eukaryotic) |
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| membrane “stacks” where proteins are modified and sorted (eukaryotic) |
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| “powerhouses” of the cell where cell respiration occurs (eukaryotic) |
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| bubble-like compartments used to store and transport various substances within the cytoplasm |
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| specialized vesicles used to break down and recycle waste |
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| a network of structural proteins that give the cell its shape |
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| cell walls made of cellulose, vacuoles, plastids |
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| barrel-shaped collections of structural proteins important for cell organization and division found in animal cells |
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| specialized organelles found in plant cells |
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| specialized vesicles in plant cells, used for keeping shape |
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| 3 stages: G1 (gap 1), S (synthesis), and G2 (gap 2) |
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| after previous cell division is complete, cell experiences rapid growth, the centriole is copied, nutrients and water aretaken in |
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| DNA replication occurs in preparation for cell division - each chromosome becomes a replicated chromosome, cell has 46 replicated chromosomes and twice the amount of DNA |
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| final preparations for cell division, a double-check to make sure all is ready for division |
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| process of active cell division |
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| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase |
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| first step of mitosis, chromosomes condense and nucleus disappears |
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| Second step of mitosis, chromosomes line up across the metaphase line and centrioles send out spindle fibers to attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes. |
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| 3rd phase of mitosis, replicated chromosomes split apart, cell will have 92 chromosomes |
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| 4th stage of mitosis, a nucleus forms around each group of chromosomes and chromosomes uncoil. Cell membranes begin pinching off. |
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| Not technically part of mitosis, but the last step in cell division, complete division of the two cells. |
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| the process by which cells burn fuel (glucose) to make energy (ATP) |
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| 3-step process, glycolysis, the Krebs (or citric acid) cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain |
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location: cytoplasm
starting materials: Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 Phosphate + 2 ATP + 4 ADP
products: 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ADP + 4 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 H+ |
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Definition
Location: Inside the Mitochondrial Matrix
Starting Materials: 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 oxaloacetate
Products: 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP + 2 oxaloacetate |
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| Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation) |
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Definition
Location: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
Starting Materials: 10 NADH + 2 FADH2
Products: 34 ATP |
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| folds inside a mitochonrion |
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| Pyruvate + NADH → Lactic Acid + NAD+ |
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Pyruvate + NADH → Ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
(used by yeasts) |
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| net gain of aerobic respiration |
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Definition
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| net gain of anaerobic respiration |
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| the process by which plants make energy using CO2, H2O and sunlight |
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| pancake-like organelles where the light reaction of photosynthesis takes place |
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| takes place in the thylakoids, requires sunlight and water. Photons excite chlorophyll, which produces ATP and NADPH for use in the dark reaction |
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| takes place in the stroma, requires CO2, ATP & NADPH. The carbohydrate glucose is generated. |
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| James Watson & Francis Crick |
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Definition
| credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA |
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| sequence of amino acids in a protein |
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Definition
| determined by DNA sequence of a gene - read in groups of three nucleotides |
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| Francis Crick's Central Dogma |
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| the flow of information in a biological system goes from DNA to RNA to protein |
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| necessary when cells divide, each strand of the parent DNA forms half of the daughter molecule, strands are "unzipped" by enzymes and copied by DNA polymerases |
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| copying DNA to make mRNA. Only 1 DNA strand is used as a template, template is transcribed according to Watson-Crick base pairing |
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| Base pairing for complementary mRNA |
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Definition
Adenine (A) Uracil (U)
Thymine (T) Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) |
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Definition
| process of turning an mRNA molecule into a protein. Performed in the cytoplasm by ribosomes. |
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| necessary for translation, carries an anticodon (corresponds to a specific codon) and the amino acid that corresponds to that codon. |
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3 characteristics:
They have a nucleic acid genome housed in a protein capsid
Their viral genome contains the information to initiate and complete the infectious cycle in a suitable host
They are able to establish themselves in a host population to ensure virus “survival”
Viruses are not alive. They cannot replicate without a host cell. |
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