Term
| What elements are present in all living organisms? |
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Definition
C, H, O, N, P, S
And sometimes traces of Fe, I, Mg, Ca |
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Term
| What is the difference between an organic and an inorganic compound? |
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Definition
Organic contains carbon
Inorganic doesn't contain carbon |
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Term
| What are the four major biological molecules? |
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Definition
1. Proteins
2. Lipids
3. Carbohydrates
4. Nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| 2H, 1O -> bent -> unequal distriution charge (dipole moment) -> polar |
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Term
| T/F: Hydrogen bonds result in cohesion and surface tension. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Water molecules have partical positive & negative charges which result in an attraction to hydrogen bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Hydrogen bonds result in cohesion and surface tension. |
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Definition
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Term
| An acid is a proton _______ and a base is a proton _____. |
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Definition
Acid is a proton donor
Base is a proton acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintain a stable pH level. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do functional groups do? |
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Definition
| Functional groups, along with their hydrocarbon chain, result in the physical characteristics, structure, and function of biological molecules. |
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Term
| Give me three characteristics of the hydroxyl (OH) functional group. |
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Definition
1. Polar
2. Increases water solubility
3. Involved in hydrogen bonds |
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Term
| Give me 2 characteristics of the Carbonyl (C=O) functional group. |
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Definition
1. Polar
2. In aldehydes & ketones |
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Term
| Give me 2 characteristics of the Carboxyl (COOH) functional group. |
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Definition
1. Polar
2. In carboxyl acids |
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Term
| Give me four characteristics of the Amino (NH2) functional group. |
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Definition
1. Polar
2. In methylamine & amino acids
3. Primary / secondary / tertiary
4. Bases |
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Term
| Give me 2 characteristics of the Sulfhydryl (SH) functional group. |
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Definition
1.Stabilize proteins
2. In thiols like mercaptoethanol and amino acid cysteine |
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Term
| Give me 3 characteristics of the Phosphates (PO42-) functional group. |
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Definition
1. Inorganic phosphates like glycerol and phosphate
2. Store energy
3. DNA & ATP contain phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of saccharide classifications? |
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Definition
1. Monosaccharide - one monomer
2. Disaccharide - 2 monomers
3. Polysaccharide - multiple monomers |
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Term
| What three components make up a larger sugar? |
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Definition
1. Simple sugar
2. Glycosidic linkage
3. Simple sugar |
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Term
| What is the proportions of C: H: O in sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone? |
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Definition
| An aldehyde has one carbonyl group at the end and a ketone has one carbonyl group in the middle. |
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Term
| What is the difference between dehydration and hydrolysis? |
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Definition
Dehydration - remove H20 molecule
Hydrolysis - add H20 molecule |
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Term
| When energy is needed ,what do the liver enzymes do? When energy needs to be stored, what does insulin do? |
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Definition
Energy needed: liver enzymes release glucose from glycogen for the body
Energy storage: insulin stores glucose in the glycogen reserves |
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Term
| What is the difference between glycogen, starch, and cellulose? |
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Definition
Glycogen: energy in animals
Starch: energy in plants
Cellulose: plant cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| Stereochemistry: the spatial arrangement of atoms within molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Different versions of the ring form (molecular structure) |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbon with 4 non equivalent groups attached. |
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Term
| Name 1 monosugar and 2 disugars. |
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Definition
Mono: glucose
Di: maltose, sucrose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do lipids differ from carbohydrates? |
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Definition
1. Less oxygen
2. Less oxidized
3. Store more energy (lipids are long term, glocogen is short term) |
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Term
| What 3 elements (in general) are in lipids? |
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Definition
| Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Esters of fatty acids and alochol that protect from H2O |
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Term
| What are the four properties of triglycerides? |
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Definition
1. Fatty acid S(3) ester linkages, glycerol molecules
2. Energy storage
3. Insulation
4. Protection against injury |
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Term
| What are phospholipids made out of structurally and chemically? |
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Definition
1. Phosphate heads that are polar and fatty acid tails that are nonpolar
2. Fatty acids (2), phosphate group, glycerol, lecithin (alcohol containing N) |
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Term
|
Definition
They are LIPIDS!
Other Properties
1. Conjugated= bonds
2. Membered carbon rings at each end
3. Produce red, yellow, orange, brown
4. Carotenes and xanthophylls |
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Term
| What are the three general types of steroids? |
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Definition
1. Cholesterol
2. Bile
3. Hormones (estrogen, testosterone, cortisol) |
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Term
| What are proteins (structurally)? |
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Definition
| Polymers formed by 20 common amino acids through a process called translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stirng of amino acids chained with peptide bonds. |
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Term
| In proteins, what are the functions of the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary structures? |
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Definition
1. Primary: linear sequence of amino acids encoded by a gene
2. Seconary: regular coils or folds of the protein with nearby amino acids in the polypeptide chain interacting
3. Tertiary: interactions between different areas of hte protein to form the overall shape (3D) of a polypeptide
4. Quarternary: interactions between polypeptides in porteins with subunit |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carbohydarates and lipids provide ___ and ____ of the cell. Proteins provide cells with the ability to _____ _______ __________. |
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Definition
| Carbohydarates and lipids provide energy and structure of the cell. Proteins provide cells with the ability to carry out functions. |
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Term
I'm going to give you a type of protein. You'll tell me the function and give me examples.
Hormonal |
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Definition
Chemical messngers
Insulin, glucagon |
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Term
I'm going to give you a type of protein. You'll tell me the function and give me examples.
Transport |
|
Definition
Transport Substances
Hemoglobin |
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Term
I'm going to give you a type of protein. You'll tell me the function and give me examples.
Structural |
|
Definition
Physical Support
Collagen |
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Term
I'm going to give you a type of protein. You'll tell me the function and give me examples.
Contractile |
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Definition
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Term
I'm going to give you a type of protein. You'll tell me the function and give me examples.
Antibodies |
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Definition
Immune Defense
Immunoglobulins |
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Term
I'm going to give you a type of protein. You'll tell me the function and give me examples.
Enzymes |
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Definition
Biological Catalysts
Amylase, ATPase, Liapase |
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