Term
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Definition
| The focus on the existing individual person. Views the modern philosophy as being too abstract. Stresses individuality and uniqueness rather than focusing on universal truths. Existence precedes essence. People are entirely free and responsible for what they make themselves. |
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Term
| Kierkegaards Objective Vs. Subjective Knowledge |
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Definition
Objective: the content of what is said is all that matters. The Fact needs to be true, doesnt matter what your relationship is to it just that it is true.
Subjective: focuses more on what ones personal relationship is to something is more important. IE personal views/truths |
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Term
| Kierkegaards view on religion |
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Definition
| Wanted religious experiences and life in general to be authentic to each person and mean something different to each. Especially when regarding ethics. Ie abraham and Isaac story. Universal ethics would say Abraham is wrong but does not make sense religiously as he values lord more than son. |
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| Teleological of the Ethical |
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Definition
| Kierkegaards attempt at understanding ethics in light of the divine powers.god temporarily suspended (rather omitted) the human understanding of ethics—yet at the same time, transcending Abraham’s natural, human ethics to a more divine quality. Basically god ok'd this one thing because of its divine nature. |
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Term
What method does Nietzsche use?
Explain |
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Definition
| Geneological Method: trace back the history and root meaning of words esp good and evil.Found that these words change from time to time, culture to culture, etc. Means that they were created by distinct people in a distinct time and place. Thus they are not ultimately true, because they are not universally true. |
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| what did Nietzsche ultimately discover? |
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Definition
| That there is a relationship between ethical language and power, thus two different systems of morality; slave and master. Two different ideas of good |
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Term
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Definition
| Nietzsche reads it as a move by the slaves to get power back from their masters. Is a reaction done out of resentment. To them good means generous friendly, meek humble, etc. Being evil then means being strong, powerful, inspiring fear, what is good to master morality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Older of two. To them what is bad is comething that arises in opposition to what for them is good. EX. Power, strength, happy, proud. Bad is then being lowly, common, weak, humble, unhappy with no power. |
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Term
| Master Vs. Slave Morality |
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Definition
| Both have their own "good" their good is what the other is not, the bad is the others good. Ex. Master is good because he thinks he is good, thinks he is good because he has power. Slaves think they are good because to them master is evil. Ex. Student teacher |
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Term
| Who does Nietzsche believe must decide what is good and evil? |
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Definition
| The individual. We all must have a natural drive to be the best "will power" |
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Term
| What kind of a philosopher was Sartre? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Humanism in relationship to Sartre |
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Definition
a doctrine that human beings have inherent dignity and value.
Humanistic Things: the constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Essence precedes Existence. Believes that people are entirely free to make their own choices and decide for themselves what is right and wrong. We are free to act independently of outside influences Thus creating our own human nature and values from choices. |
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Term
| Two types of Existentialism |
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Definition
Atheist
Christian
Sartres definition with existence before essence holds true for both. Gives rise to principle that people are neither good nor evil at birth People chose who they want to be. |
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Term
| According to Sartre how do we become good or evil? |
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Definition
| Through actions that solidify what type of person one will be. Holds true only for human beings not objects |
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Term
| Why doesnt Sartres definition hold true for objects? |
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Definition
| Because objects/inventions have a purpose (essence) before they are created (existence) people invent them knowing what they should or could be used for. Ie. paper cutter |
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Term
| According to Sartre how does freedom imply responsibility? |
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Definition
| Every action has a consequence deal. We have the freedom to choose what we want, but in the end we must deal with that consequence and take responsibility for it. Thus Humans are responsible for themselves (essence) and everybody else. |
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Term
| How are we responsible for everybody else? |
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Definition
| We choose how we want to be, we make clubs which brings in others of same interests/essence. You must pick your own like you would pick for somebody else Universal Ethics rule. Ex getting married says its good for everybody to get married. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abraham military leader has to decide who goes to the front lines (will most likely die too) has tomake the decision, even if he pawns it to someone else to make, still choosing. Dont have a set essence until we take action upon it. |
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Term
| How is existentialism Humanism? |
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Definition
| Existentialism gives humans dignity because it does not reduce them to passive objects |
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Term
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Definition
| Sartre assosciates with this with the more determined aspects of human life. Ie the human body and real circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| Sartre assosciates this with freedom and in the case of the woman in the cafe with the hand issue, its her mind, and what she is thinking |
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Term
| What is inauthentic behavior |
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Definition
| Doing something subconsciously that others read into, you arent aware your doing it. Woman isnt sure what she thinks of man yet her hand is still layed on table as if its not really hers. her hand is a determined object while her mind is still free. |
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Term
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Definition
| To escape to an inauthentic way of existence. To establish you are not what you are, and to flee from freedom and responsibility to pussy out. Waitor example: dont care how you are just want tip. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves no blame or excuses, cannot do something soley because boss tells you to, have to want to do it as well. |
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Term
| What is an example of Bad faith according to Sartre? |
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Definition
| Racism: treats victim to racism as having an essence prior to existence which goes against existentialism |
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Term
| Explain Beauvoir sex vs. gender idea |
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Definition
Sex: is the biological hormones, chromosomes, sex organs and brain that make you male or female
Gender: is the role you play in society choose to take on the male or female roles and the things assosciated with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief in political, social, and economical equality b/t the sexes. |
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Term
| What kind of a philosopher was Beauvoir and what did she believe? |
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Definition
| Existentialist. Thought the typical view of Humanity was too abstract needed to further evaluate the sexes |
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Term
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Definition
For Aristotle: to be afflicted with natural defectiveness
Aquinas: an imperfect man |
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Term
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Definition
| Same people like you. other people different ie natives vs villagers. To work each group has to have a reciprocal claim to why the other is different |
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Term
| Sartre and Beavoirs women being inessential blame game |
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Definition
1940's women were seen as being inessential. Sartre would say they are completely to blame because they have a choice.
Beavoir says they are only partly, yes they can choose to make a life, however socity wouldnt let them because of gender roles. |
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Term
| What did MLK think about U.S communities? |
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Definition
| They were all interrelated, there were no outsiders in the U.S. If you are a citizen you have a right to speak up. The constitution, existentialism Humanism. |
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Term
| Define MLK's Worlwide Principle |
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Definition
| Believes that looking at the outsider as an agitator to daily life is a bad idea because it divides up the U.S society whether they like it or not. Serves as a way to push the outsiders back out of the country. Stop change from happening and stops people from looking at injustice outside their own world. |
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Term
| MLK 4 steps to a non-violent campaign |
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Definition
Collect Facts
Negotiation
Self-purification
Direct Action |
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Term
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Definition
| enforce negotiation that works. To create tension and crisis to force negotiation (campaign, picketing, etc) |
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Term
| MLKs Criteria for just laws |
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Definition
Law must be square witht he law of God or nature ie must be equal to that of God
Must enhance the human personality
has to apply to everyone. |
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Term
| Why did MLK say that there is a moral obligation to break an unjust law? |
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Definition
| You must break it to show injustice, however at the same time must accept the punishment for it to show that you respect what it means to be just. |
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Term
| What shows the highest respect for a law? |
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Definition
| Civil disobediance because it shoews you respect it while at the same time accepting the consequences. freedom and responsibility issue with Sartre. |
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Term
| What is a white moderate? |
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Definition
| being more devoted to order of the races than to justice. Justice has to come first though while worrying about parading without a permit later. In his letter he wanted people to at now and change the injustice they saw. For him waiting means never |
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Term
| Similarities between Sartre and MLK? |
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Definition
| Both against racism because it implies humans have essence before existence MLK kinda branched off of Sartre liked the same issues. Both believed segregation and slavery was somewhat their fault because we all have a choice to make ourselves something. both saw injustice that needed to be fixed urged people to fix them |
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Term
| Differences b/t Sartre and MLK |
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Definition
Sartre is against women?
MLK is christian believes in right and wrong based upon church
Sartre=atheist, one is free to choose what is right and wrong for themselves no criteria for what just or injust law is. |
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Term
| What were the tree types for Kierkegaard |
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Definition
Asthetic
Ethical
Religious |
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