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| The science of structure and the relationship among structures |
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| The science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work. |
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| (Skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands) Helps regulate body temperature; protects the body; eliminates some waste; helps make Vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pressure, pain, warmth, and cold. |
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| (Bones, joints, and associated cartilages) Supports and protects the body; provides a specific area for muscle attachment; assists with body movements; stores celss that produce blood cells; and stores minerals and lipids (fats). |
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| (Skeletal Muscle Tissue) Participates in bringing about body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat |
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| (Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and special sense organs such as eye and ear) Control system that regulates body activities through nerve impulses by detecting changes in the environment, interpreting the changes, and responding to the changes by bringing about muscular contractions or glandular secretions. |
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| (All glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions, called hormones) Control system that regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs. |
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| (Blood, heart, and blood vessels) Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells; helps regulate acidity, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels. |
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| (Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses [B cells, T cells, etc]) Returns proteins and fluids to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes. |
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| (Lungs and air passages such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of them) Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps to regulate acidity of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs though vocal cords produces sound. |
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| (Organs of the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus; also includes accessory digestive organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes. |
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| (Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps regulate acidity of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate red blood cell production. |
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| (Gonads [testes or ovaries] and associated organs; uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females, and epididymis, ductus {vas}deferens and penis in males. Also mammary glands in females.) Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism and release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes. Mammary glands produce milk. |
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| The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. |
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| The bodys ability to detect and react to changes in its internal or external environment. |
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| Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells. |
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| The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells. |
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| Either 1) The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or 2) the production of a new individual. |
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| The maintenance of relatively stable conditions. |
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| A cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on. |
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| Any disruption that causes a change in a controlled environment |
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| A body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends information called the input to a control center. |
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| Sets a range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output commands when needed. |
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| A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition. |
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| Reverses a change in a controlled condition. (e.g blood pressure) |
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| Enhances a change in a controlled condition. (e.g. childbirth) |
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| Any abnormality of structure and or function |
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| A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms |
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| Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure. E.g. bleeding, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, rash, or paralysis |
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| Subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer, such as headache or nausea. |
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| Towards the head or upper part of a structure. (Also called cephalic or cranial) |
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| Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure. (Caudal) |
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| Nearer to or at the front of the body. (Ventral) |
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| Nearer to or at the back of the body. (Dorsal) |
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| Nearer to the midline or the midsagittal plane |
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| Father from the midline or midsagittal plane |
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| On the same side of the body as another structure |
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| On the opposite side of the body from another structure |
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| Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin or the beginning. |
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| Father from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or the beginning. |
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| Toward or on the surface of the body |
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| Away from the surface of the body |
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| A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides. Midsagittal place = median plane. Parasagittal plane = any sagittal plane not in the center. |
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| Divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions |
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| Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions. (Cross-sectional or horizontal) |
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| Passes through the body or organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between a transverse plane and a frontal plane. |
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| The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted within a defined human population. |
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| The science that deals with the medical problems and care of elderly persons |
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| The science that deals with the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions and the structural and functional changes that diseases produce. |
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| The science that deals with the effects and use of drugs in the treatment of disease. |
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