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| The ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Includes our thoughts, actions and possessions; both the link to the past and the future. |
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| The ideas created by members of a society. |
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| The physical things created by members of a society. |
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| Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. (It is a two way process) |
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| Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture. One of the elements of culture. |
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| A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another. An element of culture. |
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| The process by which one generation passes culture to the next; language is key for this. |
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| States that people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language, developed by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf. |
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| Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. Part of values/beliefs, an element of culture. |
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| Specific statements that people hold to be true. Part of values/beliefs, an element of culture. |
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| Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviour of its members. Divided between proscriptive and prescriptive, as well as mores and folkways. |
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| Norms which stipulate "do not do." |
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| Norms that stipulate "do this". |
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| Term coined by William Graham Sumner, referring to norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance; the difference between right and wrong aka taboos. |
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| Term coined by William Graham Sumner referring to norms for routine or casual interaction; the difference between right and rude. |
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| Attempts by others to regulate people's thoughts and behaviour. Sanctions operate as a system of social control. |
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| Rewards or punishments; praise and approval for conforming to norms, punishment for violation of norms. |
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| The painful sense that others disapprove of our actions. |
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| A negative judgment we make of ourselves. |
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| Social patterns mandated by cultural values and norms; not the same as real culture. |
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| Actual social patterns that only approximate cultural expectations. |
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| A wide range of human creations; part of Material Culture/Technology which is an element of culture. |
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| Knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings; part of Material Culture/Technology, an element of culture. |
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| Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite (ex. Opera, Symphony Orchestra concerts, fine cuisine, etc.) |
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| Cultural patterns that are widespread throughout society. |
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| Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population (ex. Teenagers, First nations members on reserves, homeless people, etc.) |
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| Social policy designed to encourage ethnic or cultural heterogeneity, prevalent in Canada. |
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| The dominance of European cultural patterns. |
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| Arguments for Multiculturalism |
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1) It acts as a way to capture a more accurate picture of our past
2) It allows us to come to terms with our current diversity
3) It is a way to strengthen the academic achievement of children of immigrants whom are from visible minorities and find little personal relevance in traditional educational programs
4) It is a worthwhile preparation to live in a world that is increasingly independent |
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| Arguments Against Multiculturalism |
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1) It fuels the "politics of difference"
2) It encourages divisveness and promotes segregation |
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| Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society (ex. Hippies in the 60s). |
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| The close relationship among various elements of a cultural system. |
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| A term coined by William Ogburn, referring to when cultural elements change at different rates, causing various degrees of disruption in cultural systems. (Ex. We have the technology for a woman to give birth to another woman's egg, however this raises ethical questions that we are not prepared to answer) |
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| Causes of Cultural Change |
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1) Invention - creating new cultural elements
2) Discovery - recognizing and understanding something not fully understood before
Diffusion - the spread of cultural traits from one society to another |
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| The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own. Its alternative is cultural relativism. |
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| The practice of judging a culture by its own standards. |
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| Traits that are part of every known culture. (Ex. The family, funeral rites,, jokes) |
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| A theoretical approach that explores the ways in which human biology affects how we create culture; rests on Darwin's theory of evolution. |
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