Term
|
Definition
| 2 or more people who identify with and interact with one another |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small social group whose members share a personal and lasting relationship |
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Term
| Why does Cooley call this group primary? |
|
Definition
Because:
1st group we experience
shape attitudes, behaviours and identity
Provide economic and other assistance
Bound by emotion and loyalty |
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Term
|
Definition
| large and impersonal groups whose membesr pursue a specific goal or activity |
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Term
| Characteristics of secondary group |
|
Definition
Weak emotional ties
Little personal knowledge of each other
People look to one another strategically
Part of a secondary group can turn themselves into primary group |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on completing tasks |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on group's well-being |
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Term
| Authoritarian Leadership Style |
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Definition
| Makes decisions and demands the group to obey; appreciated in a crisis |
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Term
| Democratic Leadership Style |
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Definition
| Members involvement in decision making; draws on creative ideas from members |
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Term
| Laissez-faire Leadership Style |
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Definition
| Leader lets group function on its own |
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Term
|
Definition
| groups influence the behaviour of their members conformity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Many of us are willing to comprise our judgement to avoid the discomfort of being seen as different, even from people we don't know |
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Term
|
Definition
| Suggests that people are likely to follow the lead of not only legitimate authority figures but also groups of ordinary people even if it means harming another person |
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Term
|
Definition
| Groupthink: tendency of group members to conform resulting a narrow view of some issue |
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Term
|
Definition
| A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions |
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Term
|
Definition
| We form a subjective sense of our well-being by looking at ourselves in relation to a specific reference group |
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Term
|
Definition
| Social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty |
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Term
|
Definition
| Social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition |
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Term
|
Definition
| Social group of 2 members; unstable as both members must work to keep the relationship going |
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Term
|
Definition
| Social group of 3 members; more stable than dyads as one member can work as a mediator |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways in which social diversity influences intergroup contact? |
|
Definition
1. Large groups turn inward
2. Heterogenous groups turn inward
3. Physical boundaries creates social boundaries |
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Term
| Explain "Large groups turn inward" |
|
Definition
members have relationships among themselves
[efforts to promote diversity, unintentionally promote separatism] |
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Term
| Explain "Heterogenous groups turn inward" |
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Definition
| Diversity among members promotes interaction with outsiders |
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Term
| Explain "Physical boundaries creates social boundaries" |
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Definition
| To the extent of a social group is physically segregated from others, its members are likely to interact with other people |
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Term
|
Definition
| a web of weak social ties |
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|
Term
| 3 Types of Formal Organizations |
|
Definition
Utilitarian: to gain material reward
Normative: to gain morally worthwhile goals
Coercive: to punish/to treat |
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Term
| Weber's characteristics of Bureaucracy |
|
Definition
Specialization
Hierarchy
Rules and Regulations
Formal written communications
Impersonality
Technical competence |
|
|
Term
| Informal Side of Bureaucracy |
|
Definition
Corruption
Informal info placed side by side formal info
Communication with superior officers are much easier with technology |
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Term
|
Definition
Bureaucratic Alienation
Bureaucratic inefficiencies and ritualism
Bureaucratic Inertia
Oligarchy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dehumanize works into small cogs of unceasingly working mechanisms |
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|
Term
| Bureaucratic Inefficiencies and Ritualism |
|
Definition
| So focused on rules and regulations to the point of undermining the company's goals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tendency for bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves |
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Term
|
Definition
| All power nested on a few while ruling many |
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Term
|
Definition
- Weber's ideas revised and complemented
- Application of scientific principles on business operations
> Identify the tasks and time needed to perform them
> Efficiency: Discover way to perform them with more
efficiently
> Provide guidance and incentives to perform jobs more
efficiently |
|
|
Term
| Scientific Management - 3 Challenges |
|
Definition
Race and Gender
Japanese Work Organization
Changing Nature of Work |
|
|
Term
| Challenge 1 - Race and Gender |
|
Definition
Women < Men in management positions
Black, Natives < White + Asian in management positions
"Female Advantae" - Women are more "information oriented" whereas men are more "image oriented", gives women more of an "advantage" in the work place who wants more open and democratic settings |
|
|
Term
| Challenge 2 - The Japanese Work Organization |
|
Definition
- Hired workers in Groups with same salary and responsibility
- Hire workers for life to build sense of loyalty
- Involve workers in "quality groups" for decisions discussions
- Help with worker's personal life as well i.e. mortgage, recreational activity
- Train workers in all phases of operation |
|
|
Term
| Challenge 3 - Changing Nature of Work |
|
Definition
1. Creative freedom
2. Flexibility
3. Flatter Organization
4. Competitive work teams |
|
|
Term
| "McDonaldization" of Society-Principles |
|
Definition
1. Efficiency - customers do part of the work
2. Predictability - do it according to a plan (recipes)
3. Uniformity - same product everywhere
4. Control through automation |
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Term
|
Definition
| The recognized violation of cultural norms |
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Term
|
Definition
| The violation of society's formally enacted criminal law |
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Term
|
Definition
| Attempts by society to regulate people's thought and behaviour |
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Term
|
Definition
| A formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individual factors like the ability to cope with frustration and identifying positively with cultural norms and values are related to fewer problems with police |
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Term
| Social Foundations of Deviance |
|
Definition
1. Deviance varies according to cultural norms
2. People become deivant as other define them that way
3. Both norms and they way in which people define rule breaking involve social power |
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Term
| Structural-Functional Approach |
|
Definition
| Key Insight of this approach is that deviance is a necessary part of social organization |
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Term
| Basic Insight in Deviance [Durkheim] |
|
Definition
1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
2. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries
3. Responding to serious deviance brings people together
4. Deviance encourages social change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deviance depends on the extent to which society provides the means to achieve cultural goal s
1. Conformity: uses approved means
2. Innovation: Strain between cultural goals and opportunities to get them ; people may use illegitimate means (e.g. crime)
3. Ritualism: Following conventional means for at least respect from others
4. Retreatism: Giving up on reaching cultural goals and "drop out"
5. Rebellion: Seek new cultural goals |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Deviance or conformity arises from the relative opportunity structure that frames a person's life |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Criminal Subcultures - offer the knowledge, skills and other resources needed to succeed in unconventional ways
Conflict Subcultures : Violence is ignited by frunstration and a desire for respect
Delingquency Subculture: Neglected by society, they seek self-respect by delinquency to define themselves as worthy. e.g. being feared on the streets |
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Term
| Symbolic-Interaction Analysis towards Deviance |
|
Definition
| Explains how people define defiance in everyday situations |
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Term
| Labelling Theory (Sym-Int. Approach) |
|
Definition
| The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions |
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|
Term
| Primary and Secondary Deviance |
|
Definition
Primary: minimal violations
Secondary: If labelled by people as deviant, a person may adopt the identity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identtity |
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|
Term
| The medicalization of Deviance |
|
Definition
What was perceived as a strict moral issue is now turned into a medical condition
e.g. drug addicts |
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|
Term
| Differential Association Theory [Sutherland] |
|
Definition
| Learning any behavioural pattern is a process that takes place in groups -> a person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage/reject conventional behaviour |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Conformity linked to 4 types of social control:
Attachment: Strong Social attachments encourage conformity
Opportunity: Access to legitimate opportunity produces conformity
Involvement: Time and energies linked to "legitimate" activities inhibit deviance
Belief: Strong belief in conventional morality and respect for authority inhibits deviance |
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Term
| Scoail-Conflict Approach to deviance |
|
Definition
| Who or What is labelled Deviant depends on who holds power |
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Term
|
Definition
Norms or laws reflect interests of rich and powerful
Powerful have resources to resist deviant laels
Belief that norms and laws are natural and good masks political character |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deviant labels are applied to people who interfere with the operation of capitalism |
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Term
|
Definition
| Crimes committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Illegal actions of a corporation of people acting on its behalf |
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Term
|
Definition
| A business supplying illegal goods or service |
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Term
|
Definition
| A criminal act against a person or person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Stricter normative controls on women
Strain due to gender-based inequality
Men and women's behaviour judged differently |
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Term
|
Definition
| Violation of criminal laws involving an act or criminal intent from wilful conduct to negligence |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Violent Crimes: Crimes against people
Property Crimes: Crimes against property
Victimless Crimes: Violations without readily apparent victims (eg drug laws) |
|
|
Term
| Breakdown of Street Crime |
|
Definition
Age: Offical crime rates rise sharply during adolscence, peak in the late teens, and fall as people get older
Gender: Usually men as people tend to not assume to worst in women
Social Class: Rich and poor both commit crimes, but different types; street crime victimizes people of lower social position
Race and Ethnicity: Aboriginals and Blacks are arrested/imprisoned disproportionately |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary point of contact between population and criminal justice system |
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|
Term
| Consideration when arresting |
|
Definition
Seriousness of crime
If suspect is uncooperative
If suspect has been arrested before
Whether there are bystanders present
Whether suspect s of a visible minority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Retribution
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Societal Protection |
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Term
|
Definition
| Moral vengeance by which society makes offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime |
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Term
|
Definition
| The attempt to discourage criminality through punishment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Demonstrates to an offender that crime does not pay |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Punishment of one person serves as an example to others |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coomunity-Based Corrections |
|
Definition
| Correctional Programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls |
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Term
|
Definition
| Offender remains under supervision of an officer in the community |
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Term
|
Definition
| Early release to serve remainder of sentence in the community |
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Term
|
Definition
| For Aboriginal offenders, they may choose to submit to a sentencing circle - included accused, victim, families and other community members. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy |
|
|
Term
| Four Principles that Social Stratification is based on |
|
Definition
1. Social Stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences
2. Social stratification carries over from generation to generation.
3. Social straification is universal but variable -> s.s is found everywhere, but what is unequal and how unequal varies from one society to another
4. Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well -> any system of inequality not only gives some people more than others but also defines these arrangements as fair. |
|
|
Term
| Dimensions of Social Stratification |
|
Definition
Money
Power
Occupational prestige - major determinant of income, wealth, power and prestige
Schooling - determines opportunities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Relatively open system
Based on both birth and individual achievement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Relatively closed
Class system based on birth
Allowing no social mobility based on individual effort
Very Orderly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Refers to social stratification based on personal merit -> merit (worth of praise) includes a person's knowledge, abilities, and effort.
[in caste societies], they define "merit" in terms of loyalty to the system -dutifully performing whatever job comes with a person's birth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
[Caste system] has limited social mobility and high status consitency
Greater mobility has lower consistency |
|
|
Term
| Ideology [Social Stratificatio] |
|
Definition
Main reason that social hierarchies edure
Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including inequality
e.g. the rich are smart and the poor are lazy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Every culture considers some type of inequality to be fair |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Ideas as well as resources are controlled by a society's elite |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Society is like a "jungle" where the "fittest" people rise to wealth and power and "failures" sink to poverty |
|
|
Term
| Why does social stratification exist at all? |
|
Definition
| Consistent with the structural-functional approach |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-States that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of a society
- The greater the functional importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it
- Basically, his idea was to place talented people with the right jobs and to motivate them to work harder |
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|
Term
| Stratification and Conflict |
|
Definition
| Rather than benefiting society as a whole, social stratification benefits some people and disadvantages others |
|
|
Term
| Class Conflict [Karl Marx] |
|
Definition
- Capitalist society reproduces class structure in each new generation
- He predicted oppression and misery would eventually drive the working majority to come together to overthrow capitalism
- Marx explaimed that capitalist society reproduces the class structure in each new generation |
|
|
Term
| 4 Reasons why industrial workers have not overthrown capitalism [Ralf Dahrendorf] |
|
Definition
1. The fragmentation of the capitalist class - instead of one single family owning large companies, there are many stockholders instead
2. A higher standard of living
3. More worker organization
4. Greater legal protections - safer workplaces, pensions employment insurance, disability protection and social security |
|
|
Term
| Counter points of Dahrendorf's theory of industrial workers not overthrowing capitalism |
|
Definition
1. Wealth remains highly concentrated
2. White-collar work offers little to workers - remains monotonous and routine
3. Progress requires struggle
4. The law still favours the rich |
|
|
Term
| Max Weber's view on social stratification (social-conflict approach) |
|
Definition
3 distinct dimensions of inequality:
1. Class posistions
2. Status/Social Prestige
3. Power |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality |
|
|
Term
| Stratification and Interaction (Symbolic-Intereaction Approach) |
|
Definition
| - the way we dress, the car we drive etc. say something about our budgets |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Using products because of the "statements" they make about one's social position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ancestry: most of the rich gained their position through inheritance
Race and Ethnicity: higher average incoms for Japanese British and French vs Chinese, Black and Aboriginal
Gender: Women earn less income, accumulate less wealth and have lower occupational prestige than men
Gender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper Class
Middle Class
Working Class
Lower Class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- derives much of its income from inherited wealth
- derives from stocks, bonds, real estate and other investment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- have old money
- Women in upper upper class often maintain a full schedule of volunteer work for charitable organizations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - working rich - new rich |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- above average income
= lacking the power of the upper class to influence national or international events
- often plays an important role in local political affairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Work in less prestigious white-collar occupations (e.g. bank tellers, middle managers, sales clerks) or in highly skilled blue-collar jobs
- Family income is sufficient to provide a secure standard of living |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 1/3 of the population
- Lower income than national average
- Fewer benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Lack of work and little income renders life unstable and insecure
[Working poor - full time job/ multiple part-time job cannot cover basic necessities] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Health - More likely to die from disease, neglect, accidents or violence during their first year of life if they're poor
Values and Attitudes - old money - manners and tasts; nouveau riche - engage in conspicuous consumption; greater education and financial security are more tolerant of controversial behaviour
Family and Gender - lower class family - bigger family because of earlier marriage and less career orientation |
|
|
Term
| Social Mobility in Canada |
|
Definition
- Long-term trend has been upward
- Occupational inheritance occurs for men whose fathers are professional, white-collared, and farmers
- Class background still affects education
- Women's opportunity for upward mobility has been less than men's, but income gap is narrowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deprivation of resources that is life-threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Age: Formally the elderly, now children
Education: People with higher levels of education are less likely to be unemployed and more likely to have higher incomes
Race and Ethnicity: Higher rates for visible minorities and Aboriginals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The trend by which women represent an increasing proportion of the poor e.g. female single parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One thing in common - poverty
Homeless because: Mental Illness, Drug use, Inability to cope with society
Increasing number of entire families
Low income housing is required |
|
|
Term
| Blame the Poor view of Explaining poverty |
|
Definition
The poor are primarily responsible for their own poverty
Trapped in culture of poverty that fosters resignation to one's plight |
|
|
Term
| Blame Society [Explaining Poverty] |
|
Definition
Society is primarily responsible for poverty
Society, but not individuals are responsible because of the way resources are distributed.
Lack of ambition is the consequence of their lack of opportunity rather than the cause |
|
|
Term
| Right Wing and Left Wing views on poverty |
|
Definition
Left wing - people think society should redistribute income more evenly
Right wing - society should provide more opportunities |
|
|
Term
| Intragenerational social mobility |
|
Definition
| A change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime |
|
|
Term
| Intergenerational social mobility |
|
Definition
| Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents |
|
|
Term
| Old Terminology on Global Stratification |
|
Definition
First World: high-income, industrial countries, liberal democracies
Second World: socialist countries
Third World: non-industrialized, low income countries |
|
|
Term
| New Terminology on Global Stratification |
|
Definition
High-income countries: richest 50 nations
Middle-income: 80 nations
Low-income countries: 60 nations with lowest productivity and most severe poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A quality of life measure, includes per capita income, education and longevity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chattle Slavery
Child slavery
Debt bondage
Servile forms of marriage
Human Trafficking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Poor families leave children to the street to beg, to steal or do whatever they can to survive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Employers hold workers to pay for their debts because their wages are not enough to cover the food and housing provided by the employer |
|
|
Term
| Servile forms of marriage |
|
Definition
| Marriage against will; many end up as slaves working for their husband's family, some are forced into prostitution |
|
|
Term
| Explanations of Global Poverty |
|
Definition
Technology: with limited energy sources, economic prodcution is modest
Population growth
Cultural patterns: poor societies are usually traditional, resisting change even when it promise a higher standard of living
Social stratification: Low income societies distribute their wealth very unequally
Gender inequality: Gender inequality in poor societies keeps women from holding jobs
Colonialism/Neo-colonialism: Process in which some nations enerich themselves through political and economic control of other nations [C], A new form of global power relationships that involve not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations [NC] |
|
|
Term
| Explanation of unequal distribution of the world's wealth and power |
|
Definition
| Modernization theory and Dependancy theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations |
|
|
Term
| Four stages that Modernization occurs in [Rostow] |
|
Definition
1. Traditional stage: Socialized to honour the past; Following well-worn paths that allow for little individual freedom or change
2. Takeoff stage: Uses their talents and imagionation, sparking economic growth ; greater individualism
3. Drive to technological maturity
4. High mas consumption: Economic development steadily raises living standards as mass production stimulates mass consumption |
|
|
Term
| Four important roles in global economic development played by the rich nations |
|
Definition
Controlling population - exporting birth control technology
Increasing food production - exporting high-tech farming methods to poor nations to increase agricultural yields
Introducing industrial technology - rich nations can encourage economic growth in poor societies by introducing machinery and info tech, which raise productivity
Providing foreign aid - investment capital from rich nations can boost the prospects of poor societies trynig to reac Rostow's takeoff stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones |
|
|
Term
| The world economy thus makes poor nations dependent on rich ones, dependency involves three factors |
|
Definition
1. Narrow, export-oriented economies - poor nations produce only a few crops for export to rich countries
2. Lack of industrial capacity - They count on rich nations to buy their inexpensive raw materials and try to buy from them whatever expensive manufactured goods they can afford
3. Foreign debt - unequal trade patterns have plunged poor countries into debt to the core nations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unequal distribution of wealth, power and priviledge between men and women |
|
|
Term
| Gender in The Israeli Kibbutz |
|
Definition
Gender equality is one of its stated goal in Kibbutz
They are raised the same
Share the same everyday job
Evidence that culture defines what is feminine and what is masculine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-- culture is the key to gender differences --
New Guinea - men and women with similar attitudes and behaviour (NA's "feminine")
Mundugumor - both sexes are typically selfish and aggressive (NA's "masculine")
Tchambuli - female -> dominant and rational; males -> submissive, emoitional and nurturing toward children |
|
|
Term
| George Murdock's Research |
|
Definition
Roles were assigned based on physical abilities, but beyond this pattern, he found much variety
Gender is too variable across cultures to be a smple expression of biology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of social organization in which males dominate females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of social organization in which female dominate males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Justification for patriarchy
The belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
Not just a matter of individual attitudes, but it is built into the institutions of society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found throughout the economy
Women has low-paying jobs
Long excused violence against women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Limits talents and ambitions of women
Masculinity encourage men to engage in high-risk behaviours
Masculinity seek control over others and looses intimacy and trust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex |
|
|
Term
| Gender Roles and Socialization |
|
Definition
The Family - treat boys and girls differently (b: bounce up and down, g: caress and hug)
Peer Group - single-sex play group (competitive sports game reinforces masculine traits of aggression and control)
Schooling
Mass media - male held centre stage, advertisements reinforces gender roles (women selling cleaning products and men in ads for cars, travel,) |
|
|
Term
| Working women and Men [Gender and Social Stratification] |
|
Definition
Women are moving into business, finance, sciences and meds
Women still dominate sales wok and service occupations
Men dominate most senior positions in trade |
|
|
Term
| Gender Occupation and Income [Gender and Social Stratification] |
|
Definition
Women earned 71 cents for ever $1 men earn because:
kinds of jobs
Being out of the the labour force with children
Gatekeepers keep women out of certain jobs e.g. truckdrivers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Housework
Women work full-time and do most of the housework and child care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the past, schooling was considered necessary for men, who worked outside the hom e
Women now earn more than half of under/post grad degrees
> Men lead in engineering and the hard sciences
> Women lead in the health professions, education, fine arts, natural sciences, humanities and social sciences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Larest proportion of women politicians found at municpal level
Women underrepresented in provincial and federal politics
Women hold 22.1% of seats in Canadian Parliament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Studies interplay of race, class and gender resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comments, gestures, or physical contact of sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Women focus on it as a power issue, another means of controlling women
Some women endorse the rights of free speech |
|
|
Term
| Structural-Functional Approach [Gender] |
|
Definition
Parsons described gender in terms of two complementary patters of behaviour: masculine and feminine
Gender is helpful; gives men and women distinctive roles and responsibilities that help society operate smoothly
Gender builds social unity as men and women come together to form families |
|
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Term
| Symbolic-Interaction Approach [Gender] |
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Definition
Focuses on face-to-face interaction in everyday life
Sex roles define the way a society expects women and men to think and behave
With less power, women are expected to be more deferential
Gender plays a part in shaping almost all of our everyday experiences |
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Term
| Social-Conflict Analysis [Gender] |
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Definition
Friedrich Engels
Men gained power over women as the productive technology advanced
Private property contributed to male domination
They controlled the sexuality of women to identify male heirs
Capitalism makes male domination even stronger |
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Definition
| Advocacy of social equality for men and women in opposition to patriarchy and sexism |
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Definition
Working to increase equality
Expanding human choice
Eliminating gender stratification
Ending sexual violence
Promoting sexual freedom |
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Definition
Liberal feminism
Socialist feminism
Radical feminism
Cultural Feminism
Postmodern Feminism |
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Definition
| REvolution for an egalitarian, gender-free society |
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Definition
| Identifies "the suppression of distinctive or different female qualities, experiences and values as the primary cause of women's subordination" |
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Definition
| Rejects other feminist thought |
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Definition
| Seeks change only to ensure equality of opportunity |
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Definition
| supports an end to social classes and to family gender roles that encourage domestic slavery |
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Definition
| A socially constructed category of people sharing biologically transmitted traits considered important by society |
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Definition
| A shared cultural heritage |
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Definition
| Based on common ancestry, language or religion that vies them a distinctive social identity |
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Definition
| Ancestry, cultural practices, dress, religion and language |
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Definition
| Involve the internalization of a distinctive social identy |
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Definition
| Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates |
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Definition
| A regid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people |
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Definition
| A simplified description applied to every person in some category |
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Definition
| Belief in innate superiority/ inferiority of a particular race |
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Definition
| Holds that prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged |
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Definition
| a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles |
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Term
| Authoritarian Personality Theory |
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Definition
Adorno and Colleagues
Considered extreme prejudice to be a personality trait of certain individuals
Sees society as naturally competitive and hierarchical with "better people" like themselves
People with little schooling and raised by cold and demanding parents tend to develop this personality |
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Term
| Culture Theory (Socialization ) |
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Definition
| Extreme prejudice may be characteristic of certain people, but some prejudice is found in everyone because it is embedded in culture |
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Definition
Views prejudice as the product of social conflict
Use prejudice to justify their oppression of minorities |
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Term
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Definition
Unequal treatment of various categories of people
Matter of action |
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Term
| Institutional prejudice and discrimination |
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Definition
| Bias built into the operation of society's institutions including schools, hospitals, the police, and the workplace |
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Term
| Majority and Minority: Patterns of Interaction |
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Definition
Pluralism
Assimilation
Segregation
Genocide/Annihilation |
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Term
| Pluralism [Patterns of Interaction ] |
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Definition
| A state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity |
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Term
| Institutional Completeness |
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Definition
| The complexity of community organizations that meet the needs of members |
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Definition
| The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of dominant culture, thereby becoming more similar to the dominant group |
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Definition
| Biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories |
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Definition
| Refers to the physical and social separation of categories of people |
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Definition
| The systematic killing of one category of people by another |
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Term
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Definition
Japanese Canadians highest proportion with university degrees
Chinese second with degrees but lower income than English and French
Blacks highest proportion employed |
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