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| A substance that can release a proton in solution. |
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| A negatively charged ion. |
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| The average mass of an atom of an element; the average depends on the relative amounts of different isotopes of the element on Earth. Also called atomic weight. |
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| A substance which can accept a hydrogen ion in solution. (Contrast with acid.) (2) In nucleic acids, the purine or pyrimidine that is attached to each sugar in the backbone. |
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| A substance that can transiently accept or release hydrogen ions and thereby resist changes in pH. |
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| The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius (1°C) from 14.5°C to 15.5°C. Calorie spelled with a capital C refers to the kilocalorie (1 kcal = 1,000 cal). |
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| An ion with one or more positive charges. |
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| The change in the composition or distribution of atoms of a substance with consequent alterations in properties. |
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| A chemical bond that arises from the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Usually a strong bond. |
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| One of the three most important fundamental particles of matter, with mass approximately 0.00055 amu and charge —1. |
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| The tendency of an atom to attract electrons when it occurs as part of a compound. |
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| The capacity to do work or move matter against an opposing force. The capacity to accomplish change. |
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| A characteristic combination of atoms that contribute specific properties when attached to larger molecules. |
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| A weak electrostatic bond which arises from the attraction between the slight positive charge on a hydrogen atom and a slight negative charge on a nearby oxygen or nitrogen atom. |
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| Having an affinity for water. (Contrast with hydrophobic.) |
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| Having no affinity for water. Uncharged and nonpolar groups of atoms are hydrophobic, for example fats and side chain of the amino acid phenylalanine. (Contrast with hydrophilic.) |
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| An electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. Usually a strong bond. |
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| An atom or group of atoms with electrons added or removed, giving it a negative or positive electrical charge. |
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| Molecules consisting of the same numbers and kinds of atoms, but differing in the bonding patterns by which the atoms are held together. |
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| Isotopes of a given chemical element have the same number of protons in their nuclei (and thus are in the same position on the periodic table), but differ in the number of neutrons |
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| The average mass of an atom of an element on the amu scale. (The average depends upon the relative amounts of different isotopes of an element on Earth.) |
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| The sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule. |
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| A particle made up of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds or ionic attractions. |
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| One of the three most fundamental particles of matter, with mass approximately 1 amu and no electrical charge. |
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| In cells, the centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a double membrane and contains the chromosomes. |
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| Two isomers that are mirror images of one another. |
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| (1) A subatomic particle with a single positive charge. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determine its element. (2) A hydrogen ion, H+. |
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| A chemical substance that enters into a chemical reaction with another substance. |
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| Weak attractions between atoms resulting from the interaction of the electrons of one atom with the nucleus of another. This type of attraction is about one-fourth as strong as a hydrogen bond. |
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