Term
| What is the current infant mortality in the US? |
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Definition
~0.73%. Down 20% from 1993.
I really wish he had told us WHY it's down 20%. Let's say it was because that was when I was in the third grade. |
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Term
| What is the number 1 cause of spontaneous abortions? |
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Definition
| Chromosomal abnormalities. This accounts for 10% of all conceptions. |
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Term
| What is it called when something has never embrologically developed? There are no primordial cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean when there is no opening where there is supposed to be an opening? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the word for when all the abnormalities seen are from a single defect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the word for when the primoridum does not develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| The word for incomplete development |
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Definition
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Term
| A constellation of abnormalities from more than one defect. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an extrinsic disruption of development which can cause a sequence. |
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Definition
| Amniotic bands. This is an example of Amniotic Disruption Sequence. |
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Term
| This sequence is caused by renal agenesis. |
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Definition
| Potter's Sequence (syndrome) |
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Term
| What are some of the buzz words you might see that have to do with Potter's Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Renal agenesis, oligohydraminos, pulmonary hypoplasia, amnion nodosum, deformation through constraint, flattened face. |
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Term
| What is it called when pieces of the fetal skin are found on the placental membrane? What causes this? |
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Definition
| Amnion nodosum. Caused by oliohydraminos which will lead you to conclude that there is pulmonary hypoplasia. |
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Term
| Besides renal agenesis, what is the other major cause of Potter's Sequence? |
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Definition
| pPROM (prolonged Premature Rupture Of Membranes) |
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Term
| This sequence is due to a mesodermal developmental arrest. |
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Definition
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Term
| What congenital abnormalities would one find in Prune Belly Syndrome? |
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Definition
| Mega ureters, mega cystis, urethral folds or no valves in urethras and undescended testes. |
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Term
| What day or week are neural tube defects formed? What is the major mode of prevention for this? |
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Definition
| 3-4th week or 25-28th day. Folic Acid can prevent this. If you're a female and are reading this and are not at a convent right now, you should be taking 600 ug of folate/day. |
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Term
| What are two Open types of NTDs? |
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Definition
| Anencephaly (cranial) and myelominingeocele/cystica (caudal) |
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Term
| What does the amniotic fluid cause in anencephaly? |
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Definition
| Area cerebrovaculosa. This is a collection of blood filed caverns where there should be brain matter. |
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Term
| What are two examples of Closed NTDs? |
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Definition
| encephalocele (cranial) and meningocele or oculta (caudal) |
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Term
| A type of closed NTD where the spinal cord itself does not fuse. |
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Definition
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Term
| How and when do you test for NTDs? |
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Definition
| Look for MSAFP during week 16-18. The AFP leads out of the fetus, which drinks it in, and it will end up in maternal blood circulation. |
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Term
| What does APGAR stand for? At what score must you initiate manual resuscitation? |
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Definition
| Appearance. Pulse. Grimace. Activity. Respirations. If the score is at or below 3, initiate neonatal ACLS. |
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Term
| What are the weight classifications of of infants at 37 weeks? |
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Definition
Low brith weight is <2500 g at 37 weeks
Extremely low birth weight is <1000 g at 37 weeks |
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Term
| What percent of SUIDS makes up deads due to SIDS? |
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Definition
80% of Sudden and Unexpected Infant Death cases are made up of Sudden Infant Death cases.
Cases of SUID that remain unexplained after a complete autopsy and review of cirumstances of death and clinical history are classified as SIDS. |
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Term
| What are some theories as to the cause of SIDS? |
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Definition
Respiratory, cardiac, visceral, and neurogenic theories exist.
There is an association between SIDS and sleep and changes in automonic function. Also there is a connection with Apparent Life-Threatening Events. |
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Term
| Past the neonatal period, what is the number one cause of death during the first year of life? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathologically, this disease shows signs of scarring (gliosis) of the brainstem, excessive petechial hemorrhages and pulmonary congestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is perhaps the most important extrinsic risk factor for SIDS? |
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Definition
| Prone and side-sleeping positions. |
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Term
| What is a major cause of Large for Gestational Age babies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines what types of SGA is present? |
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Definition
| The presence of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) determines the type of SGA. |
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Term
| This type of SGA is symetric, where the length and weight are proportional and usually caused by an early problem (usually a chromosomal abnormality). |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of SGA is asymetric and is usually caused by a later problem such as smoking. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the absolute youngest age that a preterm can be born? |
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Definition
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Term
| A premature baby is born without complication and survives the first week without event. The baby seemed to have GI issues. A pathology slide reveals coagulative necrosis as well as air bubbles in the sub-mucosa. What is the disease and what caused it? |
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Definition
| Necrotizing enterocolitis is usually seen after the first feeding and is caused by commensal bacteria. |
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Term
| This is a complication of pre-term babies which is very sensitive to low O2 levels. |
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Definition
Intravascular hemorrhage is due to mantle vessels dialating and easily hemorrhaging because the germinal matrix has not yet dissapeared.
This disorder is classified by sonography based on the amount of bleeding. |
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Term
| Your colleage has asked you to determine if his patient has to delay labor since the baby looks like it might be a preterm. You are going to judge this based on the lecithin to sphingomyeling ratio. What number are you looking for? |
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Definition
| If the L/S ratio is over 1.5, the lungs are mature enough to support respiration. |
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Term
| What is the major problem with a collpasing lung besides respiratory distress? |
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Definition
If the epithelial cells keep banging against each other proteins end up leaking out of the endothelium and creates a "bubble-gum" membrane which makes O2/CO2 exchange that much harder.
You may see respiratory acidosis at this stage. |
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Term
| These three effects are seen in all TORCH infections. |
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Definition
| Petechia, hepatomegaly and/or spenlomegaly, and brain defects. |
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Term
| This TORCH infection crosses easily during the 3rd trimester but is more severe if it crosses during the 1st trimester. |
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Definition
Toxoplasmosis.
Recall that eggs for this parasite are found in cat feces. |
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Term
| The classic triad of hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications, and chorioretinitis is seen in... |
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Definition
Toxoplasmosis.
This disease mostly effects the brain and eyes. |
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Term
| This disease does not cross until the 5th month and is described by "The S's" |
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Definition
Syphillis: saber shin, snuffles, saddle nose
Caused by Treponema pallidum |
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Term
| A premature baby was born with weighing 2100g and had microcephaly, and cataracts. Further investigation revaled a heart defect. |
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Definition
Congenital rubella.
This disease crosses during the FIRST trimester so make sure moms get checked early. |
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Term
A premature baby is born with microcephaly and petechiae. Further investigation shows that the baby does not respond to auditory simulation and has periventricular calcifications.
What is the disease? What would you see in the microscope? |
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Definition
Cytomegalovirus (cytomegalic inclusion disease)
Microscopically one will see the virus filling the cell which makes it quite large and resembles Owl Eyes. |
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Term
| How is neonatal herpes virus transmitted to the baby? |
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Definition
The same way mom got it...direct contact.
Rarely it can cross the placenta.
Remember on the slide you will see cells that look like glass or smudgy. |
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Term
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Definition
Parvovirus B19
Recall: aplastic anemia |
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Term
| When is the greatest risk for Parvovirus to cross the placenta? Whats the worst outcome of this? |
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Definition
2nd trimester
This can potentially lead to hydrops fetalis but most of the time does not. |
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Term
A baby is born with hepatosplenomegaly, anemic, hypoplastic lungs, and high-output heart failure. On top of all this, some anasarca is present.
This is a classical picture of what disease? |
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Definition
Parvovirus.
When you look at this on a slide you will see that the virus infected cells have chromatin which is bunched around the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
I know I put pictures of other slides for this mini but there is no way I'm cutting and pasting pictures of dead, cut-open babies on my slides.
On a more related note, hydrops fetalis is a fatal, severe generalized edema and ascites of the fetus. |
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Term
| Three mechanisms of hydrops fetalis |
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Definition
| Anemia, hypoproteinemia, cardiac failure. |
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Term
| The most common cause of hydrops fetalis in the world. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of hydrops fetalis in the US? |
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Definition
| Immune hydrops (erythroblastosis fetalis aka hemolytic disease of newborn) |
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Term
| When __________ occurs, one will find yellow deposits in the basal ganglia which lead to severe mental retardation. |
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Definition
Kernicterus. It is caused by unconjugated bilirubin levels.
Treatment is UV light. |
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Term
| What is the enzyme missing in Phenylketonuria? |
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Definition
| Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) |
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Term
| What do the kids look like if they have Phenylkeoturia? |
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Definition
| Blond hair and blue eyes because they dont have PAH which is needed to convert phenylalaine to tyrosine which is needed to make melanin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parvovirus. This sign is actually called erythema infectosum. |
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