Term
| main cause of nutritional problems in DEVELOPED COUNTRIES? WESTERN COUNTRIES? |
|
Definition
alcoholism
high energy (high sugar, fat), not enough fiber |
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|
Term
| what are the two malnutrition types? |
|
Definition
PRIMARY- lack of food
SECONDARY- metabolic problem, increased requirement |
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Term
|
Definition
-deficiency of PROTEINS, mainly animal
-most common in African
- children who have been weaned too early |
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Term
|
Definition
-hypoalbuminemia
-ascites
-generalized edema
-skn lesions
-hair changes
-FATTY LIVER-->steatosis |
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Term
|
Definition
-deficiency of energy (calories) - due to starving
-growth retardation/arrest
-loss of muscle mass (serum albumin is normal),
-subcutaneous fat is used as a fuel
-extremities are emaciated |
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Term
|
Definition
-retinol
-important for vision (major cause of blindness in children in developing countries)
-differentiation of some types of EPITHELIAL CELLS
(keratinization of mucosal surfaces)
-found in carrots and spinach |
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|
Term
| hypovitaminosis A ocular findings |
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Definition
-keratomalacia
-corneal ulcers
-Bitot's spots |
|
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Term
| what is the SKIN FINDING related to vitamin A deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-maintenance of normal plasma Ca and P levels,
-important for normal development and mineralization of bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ENDOGENOUS-synthesis in skin via UV light conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol
EXOGENOUS-dietary intake |
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|
Term
| what is an example of a drug used that could cause Vitamin D deficiency |
|
Definition
| long term antacid use--> phosphate depletion |
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Term
|
Definition
softening of the bones in children before the epiphyseal plate closes--> due to VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY
-see LEG BOWING, PIGEON CHEST |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-MICROFRACTURES in adults AFTER CLOSING OF EPIPHYSIS
-impaired remodelation of bone mass
-no mineralization of osteoid |
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Term
|
Definition
| required cofactor for synthesis of clotting factors VII, IX, X |
|
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Term
| what does VITAMIN K deficiency cause? |
|
Definition
Bleeding diathesis
*INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE*
HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN NEONATES |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what is Vitamin E used for? deficiencies? |
|
Definition
used as MAJOR ANTIOXIDANT
causes SPINOCEREBELLAR DEGENERATION if deficient |
|
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Term
| causes of VITAMIN K DEFICIENCIES? |
|
Definition
-fat malabsorption syndromes
-diffuse liver disease |
|
|
Term
| where is PEM (protein energy malnutrition) most common? |
|
Definition
ASIA (50% of children)
AFRICA (30% of children)
*western countries only 10% |
|
|
Term
| PATHOGENESIS of VITAMIN D deficiencies |
|
Definition
| low availability-->decreased conversion and absorption-->decrease serum levels leads to increased PTH-->increased resorption of Ca and Phosphate-->poor bone mineralization |
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|
Term
| what are B VITAMINS used for? |
|
Definition
| COENZYMES that is deficiency cause problems with highly metabolic active tissues with short cell-turnover period |
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|
Term
| another name for VITAMIN B1? where are deficiencies often seen in developed countries? effects? |
|
Definition
thiamine--> alcoholics
DEFICIENCIES:
decreased NADPH/ATP and therefore decreased ENERGY |
|
|
Term
| DISEASES of thiamine deficiencies? |
|
Definition
-Wet Beri Beri-->cardiovascular syndrome
-Dry Beri Beri-->degeneration of myelin sheeths
-Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome |
|
|
Term
| clinical sign of THIAMINE DEFICIENCY? |
|
Definition
| hand and foot drop, glossitis |
|
|
Term
| what area of the brain is affected by WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Vit B2? avitaminosis effects? |
|
Definition
| RIBOFLAVIN-->deficiency leads to CHEILOSIS and CHEIITIS, glossitis, dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| what is Vit B3? avitaminosis effects? |
|
Definition
NIACIN
deficiency causes *PELLAGRA: 3 D'S
DIARRHEA
DEMENTIA
DERMATITIS |
|
|
Term
| what is Vit B12? avitaminosis effects? |
|
Definition
CYANOCOBALAMINE--> absorbed in distal ILEUM
**large storage therefore deficiencies wont occur until 3-6 years after GI/absorption problems occur--> PERNICIOUS ANEMIA |
|
|
Term
| along with MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA, vit B12 deficiency causes what defect? |
|
Definition
demyelinization of spinal cord and peripheral nerves
-also see glossitis and cheilosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Pyridoxine--> used to make 5HT, histamine, and heme
***covalently bound to LYSINE residue*** |
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|
Term
|
Definition
ASCORBIC ACID-->used to make COLLAGEN and used in wound healing --> SCURVY, MOLLER-BARLOW DISEASE
***can cause INCREASED VASCULAR FRAGILITY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-periodontitis
-petechial bleeding around hair follicles***
-pathological fractures |
|
|
Term
| what are the features of ZINC DERMATITIS? |
|
Definition
| vacuolation of the keratinocytes of the upper layers of the skin |
|
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Term
| what is the relationship between OBESITY and LEPTIN? |
|
Definition
| adipocytes release leptin when saturated--> when not full no leptin is secreted--> makes it difficult to loose weight because adipocytes never feel "full" |
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Term
| what causes METABOLIC SYNDROME? |
|
Definition
LIPOTOXICITY caused by age-related resistance to antilipotoxic protection by leptin
**ECTOPIC CHOLESTEROL DEPOSITION
**LIPOGENESIS |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of OBESITY? |
|
Definition
- Central/visceral/android obesity
-Peripheral/subcutaneous/gynecoid obesity |
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Term
| DISEASES associated with OBESITY? |
|
Definition
-hypercholesterolemia
-hypertension
-DM II
-fatty liver
-malignant tumors
-cholelithiasis |
|
|
Term
| complications of ANOREXIA NERVOSA? |
|
Definition
-amenorrhea
-Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death |
|
|
Term
| *no specific tie between DIET and CANCER |
|
Definition
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