Term
| perforate basophilia--> what is it, what causes it? |
|
Definition
| bunches of ribosomes in RBCs due to denatured RNA caused by LEAD POISONING |
|
|
Term
| SCHISTOCYTES-->what are they, what causes them? |
|
Definition
| fragmented RBCs, cause by hemolytic anemia (microangiopathic DIC, TTP, HUS) |
|
|
Term
| what is a NORMOBLAST in a PBS? |
|
Definition
| nucleated RBC --> looks like a lymphocyte, caused by massive hemorrhage or hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| what are HEINZ BODIES? causes? |
|
Definition
| they are seen using Supra-vital stains (crystal violet) -->Particles of denatured hemoglobin on inner face of RBC membrane--> seen in G6PD |
|
|
Term
| what are SIDEROCYTES? causes? |
|
Definition
| iron accumulations in RBC not Hb bound, caused by iron overload (mitochondria) --> prussian blue stain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistence of RNA and may be the sign of incomplete cell maturation or more immature red cells being released into the circulation (reticulocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paroxysmal nocturnal hemaglobinuria-->complement mediated RBC damage, (PIGA gene deficiency) |
|
|
Term
| what are two causes of raised RETICULOCYTE levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pernicious anemia--> describe |
|
Definition
| autoimmunity causes atrophic gastritis which affects PARIETAL cells (intrinsic factor)--> no B12 absorption |
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|
Term
seen in 1)low folate or 2) low B12 or both:
-raised homocysteine
-raised methylmelonic acid
-parasthesis and tingling in lower limbs |
|
Definition
-raised homocysteine --> BOTH
-raised methylmelonic acid --> VIT B12
-parasthesis and tingling in lower limbs--> VIT B12 |
|
|
Term
| 3 cells seen in MACROCYTIC ANEMIAS? |
|
Definition
megaloblastic anemias--> BM
macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils --> PBS |
|
|
Term
| signs of PERNICIOUS ANEMIA? |
|
Definition
| same as megaloblastic anemias (megaloblasts, macrocytes, hyperseg neutrophils) + possible pancytopenia + ACHLOHYDRIA (pH>4) |
|
|
Term
where are the following three absorbed?
-iron
-folic acid
-vit B12 |
|
Definition
-iron-->duodenum
-folic acid-->jejunum
-vit B12-->illeum |
|
|
Term
| clinical findings of IRON DEFICIENCY? |
|
Definition
| HYPOchromic microcytic anemia, atophic glossitis, spoon shaped nailbeds, PICA |
|
|
Term
| what is PLUMMER WINSON SYNDROME? |
|
Definition
| Fe deficient anemia, esophageal webs-->dysphagia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IRON REGULATOR made in liver --> important in CHRONIC ILLNESSES because it works to decrease serum iron--> less iron for pathogens-->iron deficient anemia |
|
|
Term
| clinical findings in LEAD POISONING? |
|
Definition
| abd. colic, encephalopathy, Pb deposits in epiphysis of bone--> screened by BLOOD LEAD levels |
|
|
Term
| Thalassemia major clinical findings |
|
Definition
| hypochromic microcytic anemia, HbF*** some HbA2 (minor), splenomegaly, extra medullary hematopoiesis, excess Fe absorption |
|
|
Term
serum Fe, TIBC and serum Ferritin levels in:
-iron deficient anemia
-chronic illness
-sideroblastic anemia |
|
Definition
-iron deficient anemia-->low Fe, ferritin, high TIBC
-chronic illness-->low Fe, TIBC, high ferritin
-sideroblastic anemia -->low TIBC, high Fe, ferritin |
|
|
Term
serum Fe, TIBC and serum Ferritin levels in:
-iron deficient anemia
-chronic illness
-sideroblastic anemia |
|
Definition
-iron deficient anemia-->low Fe, ferritin, high TIBC
-chronic illness-->low Fe, TIBC, high ferritin
-sideroblastic anemia -->low TIBC, high Fe, ferritin |
|
|
Term
| thalassemia causes (alpha vs. beta) |
|
Definition
alpha thal=deletions
beta thal=point mut.-->splicing defects |
|
|
Term
| what is HAPTOGLOBIN? when are HAPTOGLOBIN levels reduced? |
|
Definition
| plasma protein in charge of clearance of free Hb--> reduced levels in INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA |
|
|
Term
| how is SPHEROCYTOSIS treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tests and PBS findings indicate Her Spherocytosis? |
|
Definition
| normal HCV, raised reticulocytes, + osmotic fragility test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complication of H spherocytosis caused by PARVOVIRUS infection |
|
|
Term
| what is CHOLETHIASIS? when is this seen in blood disorders? |
|
Definition
| gall stones-->hemolytic anemias when unconjugated bilirubin binds with calcium in gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| what is the major complication involved with SCA? |
|
Definition
| vaso-occlusion crisis--> dactylitis, infarction of any organ |
|
|
Term
| what happens with SPLEEN in older SCA patients? |
|
Definition
| atrophies and dies--> autosplenectomy due to infarction that kills organ |
|
|
Term
| how is SCA screened for and confirmed? |
|
Definition
| screened with SICKLING TEST, confirmed with ELECTROPHORESIS for high HbS levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PIGA mutations--> no GPI anchor protein--> nothing to hold CD 55 & 59* in place--> complement binding and destruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is seen in the PBS of G6PD? |
|
Definition
| heinz bodies and bite cells--> G6PD can be induced by ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS |
|
|
Term
| 2 drugs related to immune hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| penicillin, methyldopa--> both cause type II HS |
|
|
Term
| most classic example of hemolytic anemia- |
|
Definition
| SLE--> warm antibody (most active in warm temps) IgG** |
|
|
Term
| what type of hemolysis is caused by MYCOPLASMA? |
|
Definition
| Immune hemolytic anemia--> cold agglutination type --> IgM--> autoagglutinate when in cold (near peripheries) --> cause infarction |
|
|
Term
| causes of Aplastic anemias? |
|
Definition
-CHEMICAL (benzene)
-INFECTION (parvovirus B19)
-HEREDITARY (fanconi's anemia) |
|
|
Term
| findings in the PBS of aplastic anemia patient |
|
Definition
| pancytopenia including low reticulocyte |
|
|
Term
| findings in the PBS of aplastic anemia patient |
|
Definition
| pancytopenia including low reticulocyte |
|
|
Term
| what is MYELOPHTHISIC ANEMIA? findings in PBS? |
|
Definition
| lesion in BM like metastatic cancer or myelofibrosis -->dacrocytes, immature erythroid and myeloid precursors in PBS |
|
|
Term
| what disease should you think of when you hear FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCTS? (D dimer assay) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if bleeding times and PT/PTT are normal what should you think? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ITP= immune thrombocytopenic purpura--> IgG binds glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa or Ib-IX platelets and is destroyed in spleen |
|
|
Term
| what disease would a normal PT but high PTT Indicate? |
|
Definition
| hemophelia --> factor VIII |
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