Term
| Many adults lack a functional lactase, which results in their inability to do what? |
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Definition
| Lactose intolerance; inability to break down lactose into glucose and galactose. Results in lactose intolerance. Unbroken down lactose provides food for intestinal flora, which contributes to gas formation. Undigested lactose is also an osmotic agent that can cause diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease absorption of neutral amino acids due to an abnormal transporter in both the intestine and the kidney.
Results: neurological signs due to lack of tryptophan derived nicotinamide.
In less severe cases other transporters can compensate |
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Term
| What are the effects of a congenital Na+/H+ exchanger |
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Definition
| Baby is missing this exchanger which means that Na+ is not being absorbed into the cell, which means that neither is enough water. REsults in sodium rich, basic diarrhea and can be quicky fatal if left untreated |
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Term
| What are the effects of a congenital chloride diarrhea? |
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Definition
| Baby is missing chloride bicarb antiport to bring Cl- back into the cell. This will reduce the amount of water absorption since water follows the ion by osmosis. Thus, baby will present with acidic chloride rich diarrhea. Can be fatal if utnreated. |
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Term
| Baby presents with Na+ rich basic diarrhea, what could be the problem? |
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Definition
| congenital Na+/H+ exchanger |
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Term
| Baby presents with chloride rich acidic diarrhea, what is the possible problem? |
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Definition
| congenital chloride diarrhea |
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Term
| Pernicious anemia results from improper absorption of which vitamin? |
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Definition
B12, possibly due to lack of intrinsic factor (or in lack of B12 diet, i.e. vegetarians or vegans)\
pernicious anemia : impaired functional blood cell production |
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Term
| Patient presents with reduced bile secretion, reduced lipid digestion and fatty stools, what can be the problem? |
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Definition
1. Hepatitis
2. Bile acid malabsorption
3. pancreatic insufficiency
4. gallstones |
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Term
| List three possible reasons for pancreatic insufficiency |
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Definition
1. Inability to secrete enough fluid; cystic fibrosis due to non functional CFTR so Cl- is not properly secreted which reduces the amount of subsequent Na+ and water
2. Duct blockage; could be due to tumor or gall stones
3. Acidic duodenal environment which will deactivate pancreatic enzymes
Pancreatic insufficiency will result in undigested foods (peptides) which will provide great nutrients to bacteria in gut and malabsorption leading to gas adn osmotoic diarrhea |
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Term
| What is an autoimmune disease associated wthi gluten, where the dintestinal surface area is decreased due to a "flattening" of villi? |
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Definition
| Celiac disease AKA sprue...decreased absorption of nutrients |
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Term
| Describe the effects of cholera toxin |
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Definition
| There is an inability to inactivate CFTR so lots of Cl- is secreted from crypt cells, following is Na+ and most importantly water. Although absorption remains normal secretion is so high that results in massive water loss. |
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Term
| Inability of external anal sphincter to maintain tone can result in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe achalasia and how it contributes to megaesophagus |
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Definition
| failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax, thus it remains contracted and closed. Usually as a result to damage to the myenteric plexus of the lower esophagus so no VIP mediated receptor relaxation. Thus food builds up in the esophagus leading to megaesophagus (putrifying bacteria) |
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Term
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Definition
| weak stomach, limitations in gastric emptying without evidence of obstruction |
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Term
| What are the possible locations for peptic ulcer disease? |
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Definition
1. esophagus
2. stomach
3. duodenum
involves acid produced erosion of the epithelial tract. Can penetrate all th way through the GI wall |
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Term
| In a duodenal ulcer, which type of metaphasia can occur? |
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Definition
| transition from dudodenal epithelium (simple columnar) to oxyntic gastric epithelium |
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Term
| Peptic ulcers are associated with which bacteria and why? |
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Definition
H. pylori
they colonize gastric epithelium including the duodenum and esophagus
Cause an inflammatory response resulting in a loss of the epithelial integrity |
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Term
| How do excess NSAIDs contribute to peptic ulcers? |
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Definition
excess NSAIDS inhibit prostaglandin synthesis.
NOrmally prostaglandins prevent excessive histamine stimulated acid secretion. But if prostaglandins are constantly supressed it leaves histamine able to act excessively possibly leading to a peptic ulcer |
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Term
| Patient presents with a duodenal ulcer and subsequent diarrhea, patient shows to have excess unconrolled gastrin ...what could be the problem? |
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Definition
| Zollinger Ellison syndrome which is a gastrinoma typically in the pancreas. The excess gastrin secretion results in excess acid secretion |
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Term
| Describe the pancreatic juice in a patient with cystic fibrosis |
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Definition
This patient is lacking a functional CFTR. In the pancrease chloride secretion is important for pancreatic juice to have enough water. So in CF Juice:
low water volume and enzyme rich, which can lead to inapropriate activation of enzymes and could lead to pancreatic damage |
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Term
| Waht are gallstones and in what form are they most dangerious? |
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Definition
Gallstones are masses of calcium, bile, salts and cholesterol. Form in gallbladder as it concentrates bile
IF they are large enough to obstruct the bile duct then their passage is painful and could cause pancreatitits. |
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Definition
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