Term
neuroanatomy = confusing cuz of anatomical variability,
what are some examples |
|
Definition
Brain size, folding level, gyri/sulci shapes
Functional variability (like language) 95% in L hemisphere, 5% in R. 10% of women = bilateral for language. |
|
|
Term
| 4 methods of determining hemispheric dominance |
|
Definition
1. Wada test (numb one side of brain)
2. fMRI
3. transcranial magnetic stimulation
4. neural stimulation |
|
|
Term
embryo 1.activity independent mech
2. activity dependent |
|
Definition
1. stem cells diff. into glioblasts & neuroblasts
glial ladder aid migration
axons grow to predestined places
2. synapse formation modeled by experience
after axons reach target zones
lifelong, mediated by sense inputs etc. |
|
|
Term
neurons migrate to wrong place
3 places & neurological effects? |
|
Definition
double cortex (grey matter heterotopia)
1. subependymal (around ventricles)
2. subcortical (in white matter)
3. Band heterotopia (double cortex)
moderate to severe epilepsy |
|
|
Term
pyramidal cells
in which cortical layers?
function?
large ones are called? where found? |
|
Definition
layers III & V
efferent & associative neurons
large pyramidal cells found in motor cortex, called betz cells
|
|
|
Term
stellate / granule cells
in which cortical layers found?
function? |
|
Definition
found in layer IV
Interneurons |
|
|
Term
Supragranular Cortex layers
where connect to?
where most prominent? |
|
Definition
layers I, II, III
connect to other areas of cortex
most prominent in associative cortex |
|
|
Term
Granular layer of cortex
what connected to?
where most prominent? |
|
Definition
Layer IV
receive inputs from thalamus
most prominent in primary sensory cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
layers V & VI
connect to subcortical regions
Layer V: send output to basal ganglia, brain stem, spinal chord.
most prominent in motor cortex
Layer VI: sends outputs to thalamus |
|
|
Term
| alzheimers disease affect which layers at what stages? |
|
Definition
early: stage II & IV
late: stage V & VI
|
|
|
Term
| cortical thinning happens in what diseases? |
|
Definition
| depression, schizophrenia, PTSD, low birthweight |
|
|
Term
folding of brain inutero
at 22 weeks, 32 weeks, 9th month |
|
Definition
22 weeks - longitudinal fissure, silvian fissure, transverse cerebral fissure (betw cerebrum & cerebellum)
32 weeks - secondary sulci
9th month - tertiary sulci |
|
|
Term
| brain maturation ex utero |
|
Definition
myelination starts inutero in cortex and finishes around age 25
unused neurons disappear while used ones strengthen (synaptic plasticity) |
|
|
Term
which two brain areas can produce neurons.
what enhance / limits neurogenesis |
|
Definition
olfactory bulb & hippocampus
exersize / stress |
|
|
Term
miller-dieker syndrome
what does cortex look like?
how many cortical layers?
development affected?
genetic? |
|
Definition
neuronal migration disorder
lissencephaly (smooth cortex)
absence of sulci/gyri
4 instead of 6 cortical layers
delayed development
genetic disorder |
|
|
Term
Schizencephaly
what's cortex look like?
abnormality with ventricle? |
|
Definition
abnormal pattern of gyri/sulci development
cleft from ventricle to cortex
lined by grey matter |
|
|
